Structure and Properties of Carbon Black - Changes Induced by Heat Treatment

Schaeffer, W. D.; Smith, W. R.; Polley, M. H.

doi:10.1021/ie50524a035

Cited by 84 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Table 3.1 shows that the crystallite size of coke is much larger than that of carbon black. The crystallite size of coke is also considerably larger than those reported for other carbonaceous materials made at a similar temperature (Blayden et al 1940, Schaeffer et al 1953). In Fig.…”

Section: Crystallization Of Carbon In Metal Dusting Processmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In Fig. 3.8, the peak position of carbon black moves to a smaller diffraction angle, which indicates that the interlayer distance between the carbon planes is also related to the degree of disorder (Blayden et al 1940, Schaeffer et al 1953, Kinney 1956). The layers are not parallel in the disoriented graphite structure.…”

Section: Crystallization Of Carbon In Metal Dusting Processmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…For the carbon produced by conventional treatment of carbon-containing raw materials, a heat treatment temperature >2000°C is necessary for thermal recrystallization before this high degree of three-dimensional ordering is achieved (Franklin 1951, Blayden et al 1940, Schaeffer et al 1953, Kinney 1956, Austin and Hedden 1956. Therefore, nickel may work as a catalyst to help the crystallization of carbon to achieve higher ordering at lower temperatures.…”

Section: Crystallization Of Carbon In Metal Dusting Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphite was reported to grow with its layer plane parallel to the (111) plane and (110) of the nickel (Wei et al 2000). The catalytic crystallization process leads to a coke (produced during metal dusting) with a crystallite size that is much larger and an interlayer plane distance that is smaller than those of carbon made by other methods at a similar temperature (Franklin 1951, Blayden et al 1940, Schaeffer et al 1953, Kinney 1956). …”

Section: Proposed Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of metal dusting phenomenon and development of materials resistant to metal dusting. Final report.

Natesan¹,

Zeng²

2004

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Section: Crystallization Of Carbon In Metal Dusting Processmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Crystallization Of Carbon In Metal Dusting Processmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Crystallization Of Carbon In Metal Dusting Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proposed Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Study of metal dusting phenomenon and development of materials resistant to metal dusting. Final report.

Natesan¹,

Zeng²

2004

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“…The loss of functional groups with increasing heat treatment is well documented for a range of carbon precursors using a range of characterisation methods (Schaeffer, Smith et al 1953;Fletcher, Uygur et al 2007). …”

Section: Cms Structural Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon molecular sieve membranes for desalination

Song¹

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i This work reports on the development of novel carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes for desalination. The membranes were prepared by vacuum impregnation of precursor solutions containing phenolic resin into porous alumina tubes. Subsequently, the membrane tubes were calcined in an inert atmosphere, leading to the carbonisation of the resin impregnated into the porous alumina substrate. A systematic and parametric study was undertaken to investigate the effect of: (i) substrate porosity, (ii) precursor solution, (iii) vacuum impregnation time and (iv) carbonisation temperature on the performance of the resultant membranes. AbstractHigh quality CMS membranes were successfully prepared. High water fluxes were achieved using a pervaporation setup with values of 27 kg m -2 h -1 observed at 75 °C whilst delivering salt rejection in excess of 96% for a synthetic aqueous solution of 0.3 wt% NaCl chosen to represent brackish water. Increasing the salt concentration resulted in the water flux reducing, which was most likely due to salt concentration polarisation. However, the CMS membranes continued to perform well for processing sea water (3.5 wt% NaCl) at room temperature delivering water fluxes in the region of 9.4 kg m -2 h -1 with a salt rejection close to 100%. The high performance given by the CMS membranes in terms of water fluxes are at least one order of magnitude higher than those reported for other inorganic membranes derived from silica or zeolites.One important finding of this work is that the water flux increased by a factor of 70 as the concentration of the phenolic resin precursor solution decreased from 40 to 1 wt%. This result indicates that high resin concentration led to a higher amount of carbonised resin in the porous substrate and a higher resistance to water diffusion. The precursor solutions with a low resin concentration allowed for the formation of ideal CMS structures, which polymerised into the interparticle pore domains of the porous alumina substrate. As such a molecular sieving structure was formed as it preferentially allowed for the diffusion of the smaller molecule water with a kinetic diameter of 2.6 Å, and to a higher degree rejected the passage of hydrated ions with sizes in excess of 7 Å.A second important finding is that the functionality of the carbonised resin plays a role in delivering CMS membranes with high performance. CMS materials carbonised at 500 °C still retained some functional aromatic groups which were hydrophilic and impacted on membrane performance.However, increasing the carbonisation temperature to 700 °C lead to optimal microporosity, enhanced surface area and reduced hydrophilicity as the functional groups were almost completely ii removed. Further increases of carbonisation temperature to 800 °C resulted in the formation of larger, mesoporous structures and the unfavourable reduction of salt rejection.A third important finding is that best CMS membranes were prepared by longer vacuum times of 300 to 600 s, instead of short times of 30 or 60 s. This result wa...

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Wirkung feinteiliger fester Stoffe auf Kautschuk und kautschukartige Polymere

Endter¹,

Westlinning²

1957

Angewandte Chemie

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Aggregate, sondern auch eine Spaltung der einzelnen Kristalle eintreten ktinnte. Diese Spaltung scheint zwischen den mit Chlor-Atomen besetzten Ebenen, die der Ebene 001 parallel liegen, relativ leicht moglich zu sein. Sie verursacht dabei eine Zunahme der Oberilache des kristallinen TiCI,, unter gleichzeitiger Ausbildung frischer, reinerer Oberflachen.Zugunsten dieser Hypothese sprechen folgende experirnentelle Daten:1.) Die fast lineare Abhangigkeit der Dauer der Einstellungsperiode vom reziproken Wert der endgiiltigen Geschwindigkeit (ausgedriickt in g/h a n polymerisiertem Propylen/g TiCI,).2.) Bei unterbrochenen und darauf bei einer beliebigen Temperatur fortgesetzten Versuchen tritt keine neue Aktivierungsperiode auf.Zum Beweis unterwarfen wir das bei unseren kinetischen Messungen verwandte TiCI, einer mechanischen Behandlung mit Stahlkugeln in einem GefaB aus rostfreiem Stahl, das wahrend 70 h in rotierender Bewegung gehalten wurde. Das so behandelte TiCI, zeigt in der T a t k e i n e Einstellungsperiode mehr, oder diese tritt nur in auRerst geringem Um-Bild 11 Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit des Propylens in Abhangigkeit van der Zeit, erhalten unter Verwendung von TiCI,, das vor Beginn der Polymerisation in einer Kugelmiihle zermahlen wurde TiCI, AI(C2H,), Al/Ti [C,H,],,Fullstoff-Kautschuk-Wechselwirkung" bezeichnet werden.Als Fiillstoffe wurden fast ausschliel3lich I i u B s o r t e n verwendet. I n den letzten zwei Dezennien traten eine Anzahl anorganischer Substanzen, vielfach kurz als ,,weiR e F u l l s t of f e" l) bezeichnet, hinzu.

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Structure and Properties of Carbon Black - Changes Induced by Heat Treatment

Cited by 84 publications

References 5 publications

Study of metal dusting phenomenon and development of materials resistant to metal dusting. Final report.

Study of metal dusting phenomenon and development of materials resistant to metal dusting. Final report.

Carbon molecular sieve membranes for desalination

Wirkung feinteiliger fester Stoffe auf Kautschuk und kautschukartige Polymere

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