Structure and Principal Components Analyses Reveal an Intervarietal Fusion in Malaysian Mistletoe Fig (Ficus deltoidea Jack) Populations

Abstract

Genetic structure and biodiversity of the medicinal plant Ficus deltoidea have rarely been scrutinized. To fill these lacunae, five varieties, consisting of 30 F. deltoidea accessions were collected across the country and studied on the basis of molecular and morphological data. Molecular analysis of the accessions was performed using nine Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers, seven of which were detected as polymorphic markers. ISSR-based clustering generated four clusters supporting the geographical distribution of the accessions to some extent. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient implied the existence of low diversity (0.50–0.75) in the studied population. STRUCTURE analysis showed a low differentiation among the sampling sites, while a moderate varietal differentiation was unveiled with two main populations of F. deltoidea. Our observations confirmed the occurrence of gene flow among the accessions; however, the highest degree of this genetic interference was related to the three accessions of FDDJ10, FDTT16 and FDKT25. These three accessions may be the genetic intervarietal fusion points of the plant’s population. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) relying on quantitative morphological characteristics resulted in two principal components with Eigenvalue >1 which made up 89.96% of the total variation. The cluster analysis performed by the eight quantitative characteristics led to grouping the accessions into four clusters with a Euclidean distance ranged between 0.06 and 1.10. Similarly, a four-cluster dendrogram was generated using qualitative traits. The qualitative characteristics were found to be more discriminating in the cluster and PCA analyses, while ISSRs were more informative on the evolution and genetic structure of the population.

DNA fingerprinting, fixation-index (Fst), and admixture mapping of selected Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) accessions using ISSR markers system

“…The Bayesian admixture analysis is one of the most perfect approaches for diploids and polyploids 49 to sense the patterns of population genetic structure using dominant markers due to it does not assume prior information of inbreeding and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium even can be executed with a comparatively low population and loci 50 . No pre-data on population origin is necessary to determine the most likely number of populations (K) under the admixture model and correlated allele frequencies 51 . To estimate the best genetic unit, K value, a burn-in period of 5.0 × 10 4 followed by 1.0 × 10 6 m Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations at 4 iterations 52 with ten autonomous runs were performed with K value was pre-set from 1 to 10 53 .…”

The antioxidant activities, cytotoxic properties, and identification of water-soluble compounds of Ficus deltoidea leaves

“…Each of this Ficus variety differs in term of morphology and growth behavior and requirements, all of which that may contribute to compound variations. Eight varieties of F. deltoidea can be found in Malaysia; thus, genetic and geographical origins may also affect the chemical composition between plants ( Zimisuhara et al, 2015 ; Chen, Wang & Chen, 2014 ).…”

Prope legitimate rootstocks determine the selection criteria for drought-tolerant cocoa

“…The contrast color could ease to understand in which characters specified to a certain group (Lee et al 2016). This analysis had carried out on morphological characters (Zimisuhara et al 2015;Anshori et al 2018a). As the consequence, the simple and easy understanding related to grouping of genotypes could increase the selection effectiveness (Yuan et al 2016).…”