“…The commonly accepted mechanism of hydrolysis of deoxynucleotide phosphates involves a nucleophilic attack of a water oxygen to the phosphorus to give a five co-ordinate phosphate intermediate [21,74]. In the present complexes, the higher rate of hydrolysis observed for the complex 1 may be traced to the presence of axially coordinated water molecule, which may be activated as a nucleophile for the hydrolytic cleavage [75,76]. Complexes 2 and 3 with no water of coordination in the solid state (due to stronger coordination of axial carboxylate oxygen, see above) may become coordinated but weaker than 3 in solution and hence have a lower potential to activate coordinated water molecule as a nucleophile.…”
“…The commonly accepted mechanism of hydrolysis of deoxynucleotide phosphates involves a nucleophilic attack of a water oxygen to the phosphorus to give a five co-ordinate phosphate intermediate [21,74]. In the present complexes, the higher rate of hydrolysis observed for the complex 1 may be traced to the presence of axially coordinated water molecule, which may be activated as a nucleophile for the hydrolytic cleavage [75,76]. Complexes 2 and 3 with no water of coordination in the solid state (due to stronger coordination of axial carboxylate oxygen, see above) may become coordinated but weaker than 3 in solution and hence have a lower potential to activate coordinated water molecule as a nucleophile.…”
“…[31] The reaction of zinc(II) chloride with Hpyramol in acetonitrile gives rise to the formation of the crystalline complex [Zn 2 Cl 2 A C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (pyramol) 2 ]·2 CH 3 CN (3) within a day. Compound 3 (12), O21-Zn1-O20 58.40(11), O20-Zn1-O1 98.02(11), N2-Zn1-O1' 156.73 (11). Symmetry operation ': 1Àx, Ày, 1Àz.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[4,5] Among the different therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer cells through DNA damage, the view of using small water-soluble transition-metal complexes, capable of oxidative or hydrolytic DNA cleavage as anti-cancer drugs, is a challenging topic in bioinorganic chemistry. [6,7] Many transition-metal complexes with V, [8] Fe, [9] Cu, [10,11] Co, [12] lanthanides, [13,14] and also actinides [15] have been reported as efficient DNA cleaving agents with or without sequence specificity. Of these metals, zinc is the second most abundant transition-metal ion present in the human body, [16,17] and is in the active sites of several enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, proteins containing zinc finger motifs and zinc hydrolases, in particular, owing to its Lewis acid character.…”
The zinc(II) complexes reported here have been synthesised from the ligand 4‐methyl‐2‐N‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)aminophenol (Hpyramol) with chloride or acetate counterions. All the five complexes have been structurally characterised, and the crystal structures reveal that the ligand Hpyramol gradually undergoes an oxidative dehydrogenation to form the ligand 4‐methyl‐2‐N‐(2‐pyridylmethylene)aminophenol (Hpyrimol), upon coordination to ZnII. All the five complexes cleave the ϕX174 phage DNA oxidatively and the complexes with fully dehydrogenated pyrimol ligands were found to be more efficient than the complexes with non‐dehydrogenated Hpyramol ligands. The DNA cleavage is suggested to be ligand‐based, whereas the pure ligands alone do not cleave DNA. The DNA cleavage is strongly suggested to be oxidative, possibly due to the involvement of a non‐diffusible phenoxyl radical mechanism. The enzymatic religation experiments and DNA cleavage in the presence of different radical scavengers further support the oxidative DNA cleavage by the zinc(II) complexes.
“…2) (Kü pfer and Leumann, 2006). It is important to note that while DNA is extremely resistant to direct phosphodiester bond cleavage (Williams et al, 1999;Schroeder et al, 2006), it can readily suffer from the same problem that plagues RNA upon deglycosylation (Eigner et al, 1961;Sugiyama et al, 1994).…”
Section: Prebiotic Chemistry and Alternative Basesmentioning
The transition from genomic ribonucleic acid (RNA) to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in primitive cells may have created a selection pressure that refined the genetic alphabet, resulting from the global weakening of the Nglycosyl bonds. Hydrolytic rupture of these bonds, termed deglycosylation, leaves an abasic site that is the single greatest threat to the stability and integrity of genomic DNA. The rates of deglycosylation are highly dependent on the identity of the nucleobases. Modifications made to the bases, such as deamination, oxidation, and alkylation, can further increase deglycosylation reaction rates, suggesting that the native bases provide optimum N-glycosyl bond stability. To protect their genomes, cells have evolved highly specific enzymes called glycosylases, associated with DNA repair, that detect and remove these damaged bases. In RNA, however, the occurrence of many of these modified bases is deliberate. The dichotomous behavior that cells exhibit toward base modifications may have originated in the RNA world. Modified bases would have been advantageous for the functional and structural repertoire of catalytic RNAs. Yet in an early DNA world, the utility of these heterocycles was greatly diminished, and their presence posed a distinct liability to the stability of cells' genomes. A natural selection for bases exhibiting the greatest resistance to deglycosylation would have ensured the viability of early DNA life, along with the recruitment of DNA repair.
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