Structure and Function of the Primate Scapula

Roberts, David A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384050-9.50011-8

Cited by 127 publications

(252 citation statements)

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“…Limb musculature is concentrated proximally to augment stability of the ''deep'' bony structures of the shoulder and hip joints. At the scapula, prominent acromion and coracoid processes encapsulate and restrict the humeral head (Tuttle, 1970;Roberts, 1974). At the hip, the gorilla acetabulum is deepest among the apes (Schultz, 1963a).…”

Section: Divergent Anatomies and Evolutionary Historiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other approaches to gorilla and orangutan anatomy have addressed function with quantitative information by focusing on one component, for example skeletal proportions (e.g., Schultz, 1930Schultz, , 1937Schultz, , 1956); biomechanics of scapula or limbs (e.g., Miller, 1932;Oxnard, 1967;Roberts, 1974;Taylor, 1997), regional muscle and limb weights and inertial properties (e.g., Preuschoft, 1961Preuschoft, , 1963Payne et al, 2006a, b;Isler et al, 2006;Oishi et al, 2008Oishi et al, , 2009). On live captive gorillas and orangutans, direct measures of muscle function or joint motion derive from electromyography during specific limb movements (e.g., Basmajian, 1974a, b, 1978;Tuttle et al, 1975;Stern and Susman, 1981;Tuttle et al, 1983) and from cinematography of climbing modes (e.g., Isler and Thorpe, 2003;Isler, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Zihlman

McFarland

Underwood

2011

The Anatomical Record

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Great apes diversified during the Miocene in Old World forests. Two lineages, gorillas in Africa and orangutans in Asia, have sexual dimorphisms of super-sized males, though they presumably diverged from a smaller common ancestor. We test the hypothesis that they increased in body mass independently and convergently, and that their many postcranial differences reflect locomotor differences. Whole body dissections of five adult male gorillas and four adult male orangutans allowed quantification of body mass distribution to limb segments, of body composition (muscle, bone, skin, and fat relative to total body mass), and of muscle distribution and proportions. Results demonstrate that gorilla forelimb anatomy accommodates shoulder joint mobility for vertical climbing and reaching while maintaining joint stability during quadrupedal locomotion. The heavily muscled hind limbs are equipped for propulsion and weight-bearing over relatively stable substrates on the forest floor. In contrast, orangutan forelimb length, muscle mass, and joint construction are modified for strength and mobility in climbing, bridging, and traveling over flexible supports through the forest canopy. Muscles of hip, knee, and ankle joints provide rotational and prehensile strength essential for moving on unstable and discontinuous branches. We conclude that anatomical similarities are due to common ancestry and that differences in postcranial anatomy reflect powerful selection for divergent locomotor adaptations. These data further support the evolutionary conclusion that gorillas fall with chimpanzees and humans as part of the African hominoid radiation; orangutans are a specialized outlier. Anat Rec, 294:1842Rec, 294: -1855Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Divergent Anatomies and Evolutionary Historiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Zihlman

McFarland

Underwood

2011

The Anatomical Record

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“…avec le bord médial parallèle à la colonne vertébrale lorsque l'individu est en position de repos, c'est-à-dire bras pendant chez l'homme [14][15][16]. Dans cette position, le processus coracoïde est dans un plan horizontal, perpendiculaire au squelette axial ( figure 7).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…On 299 the contrary, the coracoid process orientation seems to be similar between all the hominoids and spider monkey when it is taken in comparison with the axial skeleton ( figure 7). In hominoids and spider monkeys, the scapula is dorsal, in comparison to the thorax, with its medial border parallel to the vertebral column when the shoulder is in rest position, that means with hanging arms in man [14][15][16]. In this position, the coracoid process is perpendicular to the vertebral column.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Réflexion sur le processus coracoı̈de des hominoı̈des et des atèles ; application à quelques hominidés fossiles

Voisin¹

2001

Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Réflexion sur le processus coracoïde des hominoïdes et des atèles ; application à quelques hominidés fossiles Jean-Luc VoisinTo cite this version: Abridged versionA lot of studies have been done about primates' scapulae [1,3,6,13,16,18,21,25,27]. However, apart from Martin and O'Brien's work [10], there are no studies about the coracoid process yet.This work is a study of the orientation and morphology of the coracoid process in hominoids, spider monkeys, colobus monkeys, two neandertal and Homo ergaster remains (table I). Among fossil hominids, there are only four remains that still possess a coracoid process. Five points are used (figure 1). Three of them (E, F, Q) define two perpendicular planes P and P , and the two others (U, R) define the great axis of the process. The projection of these five points in P and P planes allows to know the coracoid process orientation in comparison with the glenoid cavity (gleno-coracoid-p and gleno-coracoid-p * Correspondance et tirés à part.Adresse e-mail : jeanlucv@mnhn.fr (J.-L. Voisin).angles). The coracoid process morphology is described by three indexes. The coracoid indices illustrate the length of the coracoid process and the two others (maximum and minimum robustness index) its breadth. The gleno-coracoid-p and the gleno-coracoid-p angles show two groups. The first one, with the greatest value, contains only man. The second one includes all the other primates' studies here ( figures 2 and 3, table II). The coracoid index has the greatest value in gibbons and spider monkeys ( figure 4, table III), the most brachiating primates. The two coracoid robustness indices define also two groups, the spider monkey with the breadless coracoid process and the hominoids and the colobus monkey with a more robust coracoid process (figures 5 and 6, table III).When the coracoid process orientation put in relation to the glenoid cavity, there is a great difference between man and the other hominoids and spider monkeys. On 299 J.-L. Voisin / C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planètes / Earth and Planetary Sciences 332 (2001) 299-306

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“…El postcráneo ha sido y es objeto de estudio en varios grupos de mamíferos, como primates, carnívoros, marsupiales, roedores (no sigmodontinos) y quirópteros, aportando relevantes contribuciones tanto a nivel taxonómico, filogenético como morfofuncional (Hatt, 1932;RobeRt, 1974;tayloR, 1974, 1976evans, 1993;aRgot, 2001aRgot, , 2002aRgot, , 2003saRgis, 2001saRgis, , 2002aHoRovitz & sáncHez-villagRa, 2003;giannini & simmons, 2005;moRgan & veRzi, 2006;candela & Picasso, 2008;FloRes, 2009;FloRes & díaz, 2009;moRgan, 2009). Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la anatomía postcraneal en los roedores sigmodontinos es nulo o escaso, especialmente si se compara con aquellos basados en la morfología externa, craneal y/o dentaria, aspectos intensamente estudiados en este grupo (HeRsHkovitz, 1962;bRaun, 1993;stePPan, 1995;WeksleR, 2006).…”

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Descripción del postcráneo de Rhipidomys austrinus y Graomys griseoflavus (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)

Carrizo

Díaz

2011

Iheringia, Sér. Zool.

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ABSTRACT. Postcranial description of Rhipidomys austrinus and Graomys griseoflavus (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae). We described the postcranial skeleton of two species of sigmodontine rodents, Rhipidomys austrinus Thomas, 1921 and Graomys griseoflavus (Waterhouse, 1837). Each structure of the postcranial skeleton is here described in details of shape, size, surface, and orientation. The skeletal anatomy of these two species shows morphological characters associated with different patterns related to their type of locomotion. Rhipidomys austrinus exhibits characteristics consistent with its arboreal locomotion in several elements of the postcranium, while G. griseoflavus shows attributes related to terrestrial locomotion.

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Structure and Function of the Primate Scapula

Cited by 127 publications

References 14 publications

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Functional Anatomy and Adaptation of Male Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) With Comparison to Male Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Réflexion sur le processus coracoı̈de des hominoı̈des et des atèles ; application à quelques hominidés fossiles

Descripción del postcráneo de Rhipidomys austrinus y Graomys griseoflavus (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)

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