Structure and Function of Plant Cell Walls

Bacic, Antony; Harris, Philip J.; Stone, BA; Preiss, Jack

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-092615-5.50014-x

Cited by 424 publications

(327 citation statements)

References 363 publications

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“…Only very small differences in the cell wall compositions between the wild-type and the irx plants were observed. All four lines showed a very high xylose content (~7 0 % ) , which is characteristic of the composition of secondary cell walls from many angiosperms (Bacic et al, 1988). The relative proportions of sugars in hypocotyls (Figure 8) are quite different from the composition obtained from the walls of leaf tissues (Reiter et al, 1993), which do not contain a high proportion of cells with thick secondary cell walls.…”

Section: Carbohydrate Analysis Of the Wallmentioning

confidence: 92%

Collapsed xylem phenotype of Arabidopsis identifies mutants deficient in cellulose deposition in the secondary cell wall.

1997

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Recessive mutations at three loci cause the collapse of mature xylem cells in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis.These irregular xylem (irx) mutations were identified by screening plants from a mutagenized population by microscopic examination of stem sections. The xylem cell defect was associated with an up to eightfold reduction in the total amount of cellulose in mature inflorescence stems. The amounts of cell wall-associated phenolics and polysaccharides were unaffected by the mutations. Examination of the cell walls by using electron microscopy demonstrated that the decreases in cellulose content of irx lines resulted in an alteration of the spatial organization of cell wall material.This suggests that a normal pattern of cellulose deposition may be required for assembly of lignin or polysaccharides. The reduced cellulose content of the stems also resulted in a decrease in stiffness of the stem material. This is consistent with the irregular xylem phenotype and suggests that the walls of irx plants are not resistant to compressive forces. Because lignin was implicated previously as a major factor in resistance to compressive forces, these results suggest either that cellulose has a direct role in providing resistance to compressive forces or that it is required for the development of normal lignin structure. The irx plants had a slight reduction in growth rate and stature but were otherwise normal in appearance. The mutations should be useful in facilitating the identification of factors that control the synthesis and deposition of cellulose and other cell wall components.

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Section: Carbohydrate Analysis Of the Wallmentioning

confidence: 92%

Collapsed xylem phenotype of Arabidopsis identifies mutants deficient in cellulose deposition in the secondary cell wall.

1997

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“…The predominant non-cellulosic polysaccharides in cell walls of grasses (Poaceae) are the arabinoxylans and (1--~3,1--~4)-~-glucans with smaller amounts of xyloglucans, rhamnogalacturonans and glucomannans (Bacic et aL, 1988;Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993). Of these polysaccharides the (1 -->3,1 -->4)-J3-glucans are unique to grasses (Stinard and Nevins, 1980), although a related (1-->3,1--~4)-I~-glucan, lichenin, is found in certain lichens (Stone and Clarke, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A (1→3,1→4)‐β‐glucan‐specific monoclonal antibody and its use in the quantitation and immunocytochemical location of (1→3,1→4)‐β‐glucans

et al. 1994

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SummaryMonoclonal antibodies were raised against a (1-~3,1~4)-~-glucan-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. One antibody (BG1) selected for further characterization, was specific for (1--~3,1--~4)-~-giucan, displaying no binding activity against a (l~3)-~-glucan-BSA conjugate and minimal binding against a cellopentaose-BSA conjugate. A range of oligosaccharides was prepared by enzymatic digestion of (1-~3,1-~4)-13-glucan, purified by size exclusion chromatography and characterized by 1H-NMR and anion exchange chromatography.These (l~3,1~4)-13-oligogiucosides, together with (1-~3)-~-and (l~4)-~-oligoglucosides were used to characterize the binding site of the monoclonal antibody (BG1) by competitive inhibition. The monoclonal antibody showed maximal binding to a heptasaccharide with the structure GIc(1~3) GIc(1 ~4) GIc(1 -~4) GIc(1 ~3) GIc(1 ~4) Gic(1-->4) GIc and was determined to have an affinity constant of 3.8 x 104 M -1 for this oligoglucoside.The monoclonal antibody (BG1) has been used to develop a sensitive sandwich ELISA for the specific quantitation of (l~3,1~4)-13-glucans. The assay operates in the range 1-10 ng m1-1 and shows no significant cross-reaction with tamarind xyloglucan, wheat endosperm arabinoxylan or carboxymethylpachyman ((1-~3)-13-glucan). When used with a second-stage, rabbit anti-mouse gold conjugate and viewed under the electron microscope, the monoclonal antibody probe was found to bind strongly to the walls of the aleurone in thin sections of immature wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Millewa grains but not to the middle lamella region. A previously described

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“…Xyloglucan was the sum of t-xylosyl, 4,6-glucosyl, and a proportion of the 4-glucosyl units one-half that of the 4,6-glucosyl units (1,8). Glucuronoarabinoxylan was determined from the proportion of 4-, 2,4-and 3,4-xylosyl units, and the t-arabinofuranosyl units corresponding to the xylosyl branch residues (1,8 Alternatively, the amounts of mixed linkage fl-D-glucan were estimated by enzymic digestion with an endo-f3-D-glucanohydrolase from Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme purification and assay procedures were performed as described by Carpita and Kanabus (10).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell wall and enzyme changes during the graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa).

Gibeaut

Karuppiah²,

S-R³

et al. 1990

Plant Physiol.

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The graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa) involves an asymmetric growth response accompanied by several asymmetric processes, including degradation of starch and cell wall synthesis. To understand further the cellular and biochemical events associated with the graviresponse, changes in cell walls and their constituents and the activities of related enzymes were investigated in excised pulvini. Asymmetric increases in dry weight with relatively symmetric increases in wall weight accompanied the graviresponse. Starch degradation could not account for increases in wall weight. However, a strong asymmetry in invertase activity indicated that hydrolysis of exogenous sucrose could contribute significantly to the increases in wall and dry weights. Most cell wall components increased proportionately during the graviresponse. However, fl-D-glucan did not increase symmetrically, but rather increased in proportion in lower halves of gravistimulated pulvini. This change resulted from an increase in glucan synthase activity in lower halves. The asymmetry of ft-D-glucan content arose too slowly to account for initiation of the graviresponse. A similar pattem in change in wall extensibility was also observed. Since ,-D-glucan was the only wall component to change, it is hypothesized that this change is the basis for the change in wall extensibility. Since wall extensibility changed too slowly to account for growth initiation, it is postulated that asymmetric changes in osmotic solutes act as the driving factor for growth promotion in the graviresponse, while wall extensibility acts as a limiting factor during growth.The graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat is initiated by the sedimentation of starch grains, which culminates in a hormone-mediated growth response (7,22

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Structure and Function of Plant Cell Walls

Cited by 424 publications

References 363 publications

Collapsed xylem phenotype of Arabidopsis identifies mutants deficient in cellulose deposition in the secondary cell wall.

Collapsed xylem phenotype of Arabidopsis identifies mutants deficient in cellulose deposition in the secondary cell wall.

A (1→3,1→4)‐β‐glucan‐specific monoclonal antibody and its use in the quantitation and immunocytochemical location of (1→3,1→4)‐β‐glucans

Cell wall and enzyme changes during the graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa).

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