Structure and Function of Lymphatics.

Ryan, Terence J.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12580899

Cited by 78 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…After thermal cauterization, inflammatory cells such as neutrophils were observed in a remodeled collagen matrix (Figure 2C). Sprouting blood and lymphatic endothelial cells were morphologically identified in accordance with previous reports [42,43]. Neo-formed blood vessels often contained white or red blood cells and were characterized by the presence of a continuous basement membrane that frequently surrounded a pericyte (Figure 2D).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Digging deeper into lymphatic vessel formation in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2011

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BackgroundAbnormal lymphatic vessel formation (lymphangiogenesis) is associated with different pathologies such as cancer, lymphedema, psoriasis and graft rejection. Lymphatic vasculature displays distinctive features than blood vasculature, and mechanisms underlying the formation of new lymphatic vessels during physiological and pathological processes are still poorly documented. Most studies on lymphatic vessel formation are focused on organism development rather than lymphangiogenic events occurring in adults. We have here studied lymphatic vessel formation in two in vivo models of pathological lymphangiogenesis (corneal assay and lymphangioma). These data have been confronted to those generated in the recently set up in vitro model of lymphatic ring assay. Ultrastructural analyses through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were performed to investigate tube morphogenesis, an important differentiating process observed during endothelial cell organization into capillary structures.ResultsIn both in vivo models (lymphangiogenic corneal assay and lymphangioma), migrating lymphatic endothelial cells extended long processes exploring the neighboring environment and organized into cord-like structures. Signs of intense extracellular matrix remodeling were observed extracellularly and inside cytoplasmic vacuoles. The formation of intercellular spaces between endothelial cells led to tube formation. Proliferating lymphatic endothelial cells were detected both at the tips of sprouting capillaries and inside extending sprouts. The different steps of lymphangiogenesis observed in vivo are fully recapitulated in vitro, in the lymphatic ring assay and include: (1) endothelial cell alignment in cord like structure, (2) intracellular vacuole formation and (3) matrix degradation.ConclusionsIn this study, we are providing evidence for lymphatic vessel formation through tunneling relying on extensive matrix remodeling, migration and alignment of sprouting endothelial cells into tubular structures. In addition, our data emphasize the suitability of the lymphatic ring assay to unravel mechanisms underlying lymphangiogenesis.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Digging deeper into lymphatic vessel formation in vitro and in vivo

et al. 2011

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“…Although no information is available about lymphatic vessels in SSc, all these mechanisms could be involved in the decrease in lymphatic vessel density. Lymphatic vessels could be more sensitive to damage than blood vessels because of the more fragile structure of their wall [36], which is made by a thin layer of endothelial cells without smooth muscle cells or pericytes. As for angiogenesis, studies in the last decade have led to a better understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms involved, showing that lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis are partially characterized by a distinctive dependence from different ligands and receptors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphatic and blood vessels in scleroderma skin, a morphometric analysis

Rossi¹,

Sozio²,

Sestini³

et al. 2010

Human Pathology

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SummaryVascular involvement is frequent in systemic sclerosis, but the role of the lymphatic vasculature is poorly known. Our aim was to evaluate lymphatic vessels in systemic sclerosis skin lesions. We studied skin forearm biopsies of 9 patients with systemic sclerosis and 7 age-matched controls. Lymphatic vessels were labeled with the monoclonal antibody D2-40 and blood vessels with a polyclonal antibody to von Willebrand Factor. All blood and lymphatic vessels present in each section were counted and total area, inner luminal area, and shape factors were measured. The number of blood and lymphatic vessels in papillary dermis was greater and their diameter lower than in reticular dermis both in systemic sclerosis and controls. In the reticular dermis, the number of lymphatic vessels was markedly reduced in systemic sclerosis (4.9 ± 1.1 μm−2 versus 8.9 ± 1.2 μm−2P = .03), and a similar trend was observed in papillary dermis (8.4 ± 3.7 μm−2 versus 8.1 ± 5.3 μm−2). Interestingly, the number of periglandular lymphatics in systemic sclerosis was not different from controls. The inner luminal area (possibly indicating compensatory dilation) of lymphatic vessels, particularly the periglandular ones, was greater in systemic sclerosis than in controls. No differences were observed in the number of blood vessels, but the percentage of blood vessel profiles (without lumen) was significantly less in systemic sclerosis both in papillary and in reticular dermis. In conclusion, our data show that skin lesions in systemic sclerosis are characterized by a selective rarefaction of lymphatic vasculature that spares periglandular vessels and that might have a pathogenic role in the evolution and in the clinical manifestations of the disease.

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“…In vertebrates, nearly all organs contain specialized vessels—the lymphatics—to remove excess fluid, solutes, and cells that are transported across permeable blood vessel walls [15]. If fluid filters across blood vessels at a higher rate than the rate of drainage into lymphatics, then interstitial fluid accumulates and interstitial pressures rise [16, 17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational design of drainage systems for vascularized scaffolds

2009

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This computational study analyzes how to design a drainage system for porous scaffolds so that the scaffolds can be vascularized and perfused without collapse of the vessel lumens. We postulate that vascular transmural pressure—the difference between lumenal and interstitial pressures—must exceed a threshold value to avoid collapse. Model geometries consisted of hexagonal arrays of open channels in an isotropic scaffold, in which a small subset of channels was selected for drainage. Fluid flow through the vessels and drainage channel, across the vascular wall, and through the scaffold were governed by Navier-Stokes equations, Starling’s Law of Filtration, and Darcy’s Law, respectively. We found that each drainage channel could maintain a threshold transmural pressure only in nearby vessels, with a radius-of-action dependent on vascular geometry and the hydraulic properties of the vascular wall and scaffold. We illustrate how these results can be applied to microvascular tissue engineering, and suggest that scaffolds be designed with both perfusion and drainage in mind.

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Structure and Function of Lymphatics.

Cited by 78 publications

References 26 publications

Digging deeper into lymphatic vessel formation in vitro and in vivo

Digging deeper into lymphatic vessel formation in vitro and in vivo

Lymphatic and blood vessels in scleroderma skin, a morphometric analysis

Computational design of drainage systems for vascularized scaffolds

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