“…At very low nozzle temperatures, the cooling layers have less time for the molecular chains to reorder and generate more crystalline regions, resulting in a low crystallinity degree (Table 3), thus a low elongation at break. 36 Results confirm the strong influence of nozzle temperature and layer orientation on the tensile properties of 3D-printed PEKK parts.…”
Section: Effect Of Nozzle Temperature and Layer Orientation On Tensil...supporting
confidence: 54%
“…If the annealing temperature is lower than PEKK's glass transition temperature (~159°C), a non‐isothermal crystallization process will occur. Contrariwise, annealing at high temperatures (above PEKK's T g ) would generate an isothermal crystallization that provides enough energy to molecular chains to form more ordered regions and uniform lamellae 36,42 . In this work, the choice of annealing temperatures at 230, 240, 250, 260, and 270°C was based on this latter theory.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This can be attributed to the loss of mobility of polymer chains as they are partly anchored inside the crystalline domains. Annealing of printed PEKK parts at 240°C provided energy to the molecular chains, thus forming additional crystalline sites and increasing lamellae's form 36,42 . Increasing the annealing temperature to 270°C does not present any additional benefits for the glass transition temperature nor the degree of crystallinity.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Annealing of printed PEKK parts at 240 C provided energy to the molecular chains, thus forming additional crystalline sites and increasing lamellae's form. 36,42 Increasing the annealing temperature to 270 C does not present any additional benefits for the glass transition temperature nor the degree of crystallinity. Annealing at 240 C for 1 h was thus selected as the optimal annealing cycle for printed PEKK specimens.…”
Section: Annealing Treatment Effect On Thermal and Structural Propertiesmentioning
Poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) is a thermoplastic of the poly(aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) family, with excellent mechanical and thermal performances and high chemical resistance properties. This makes it an appealing material in high-performance applications as a replacement for poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK). PEKK was thus selected in this study as a base material for application in 3D printing. The effects of nozzle temperature, layer orientation and layer thickness on the final properties of 3D-printed PEKK parts were investigated. Furthermore, we assessed the mechanical and morphological features of printed samples through tensile tests and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Thermal properties of samples were also evaluated through DSC and DMA analysis. Optimum printing parameters were found at 0.15 mm layer thickness, 380 C nozzle temperature, and [45/À45 ] layer orientation.The printed PEKK samples were annealed at various temperatures to allow the relaxation of residual stress and enhance the degree of crystallinity. Samples annealed for 1 h at 240 C have shown an improved elastic modulus by $14%, tensile strength by 17%, and glass transition temperature by 17.2 C from the increased by 24% degree of crystallinity.
“…At very low nozzle temperatures, the cooling layers have less time for the molecular chains to reorder and generate more crystalline regions, resulting in a low crystallinity degree (Table 3), thus a low elongation at break. 36 Results confirm the strong influence of nozzle temperature and layer orientation on the tensile properties of 3D-printed PEKK parts.…”
Section: Effect Of Nozzle Temperature and Layer Orientation On Tensil...supporting
confidence: 54%
“…If the annealing temperature is lower than PEKK's glass transition temperature (~159°C), a non‐isothermal crystallization process will occur. Contrariwise, annealing at high temperatures (above PEKK's T g ) would generate an isothermal crystallization that provides enough energy to molecular chains to form more ordered regions and uniform lamellae 36,42 . In this work, the choice of annealing temperatures at 230, 240, 250, 260, and 270°C was based on this latter theory.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This can be attributed to the loss of mobility of polymer chains as they are partly anchored inside the crystalline domains. Annealing of printed PEKK parts at 240°C provided energy to the molecular chains, thus forming additional crystalline sites and increasing lamellae's form 36,42 . Increasing the annealing temperature to 270°C does not present any additional benefits for the glass transition temperature nor the degree of crystallinity.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Annealing of printed PEKK parts at 240 C provided energy to the molecular chains, thus forming additional crystalline sites and increasing lamellae's form. 36,42 Increasing the annealing temperature to 270 C does not present any additional benefits for the glass transition temperature nor the degree of crystallinity. Annealing at 240 C for 1 h was thus selected as the optimal annealing cycle for printed PEKK specimens.…”
Section: Annealing Treatment Effect On Thermal and Structural Propertiesmentioning
Poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) is a thermoplastic of the poly(aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) family, with excellent mechanical and thermal performances and high chemical resistance properties. This makes it an appealing material in high-performance applications as a replacement for poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK). PEKK was thus selected in this study as a base material for application in 3D printing. The effects of nozzle temperature, layer orientation and layer thickness on the final properties of 3D-printed PEKK parts were investigated. Furthermore, we assessed the mechanical and morphological features of printed samples through tensile tests and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Thermal properties of samples were also evaluated through DSC and DMA analysis. Optimum printing parameters were found at 0.15 mm layer thickness, 380 C nozzle temperature, and [45/À45 ] layer orientation.The printed PEKK samples were annealed at various temperatures to allow the relaxation of residual stress and enhance the degree of crystallinity. Samples annealed for 1 h at 240 C have shown an improved elastic modulus by $14%, tensile strength by 17%, and glass transition temperature by 17.2 C from the increased by 24% degree of crystallinity.
“…Consequently, it exhibited a capacity of 771 mAh/g and stable of cycling over 333 h. In 2023, two excellent and high-performance Co 3 O 4 -based electrocatalysts were reported for ZABs by using precious elements like Pt. W. Yang et al [153] developed Co 3 O 4 @Pt/C nanofibers in a ratio of 1 : 1. The synthesis process was carried out by mixing Co 3 O 4 and Pt/C through ultrasonic vibration.…”
In recent years, the rapid growth in renewable energy applications has created a significant demand for efficient energy storage solutions on a large scale. Among the various options, rechargeable zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) have emerged as an appealing choice in green energy storage technology due to their higher energy density, sustainability, and cost‐effectiveness. Regarding this fact, a spotlight is shaded on air electrode for constructing high‐performance ZABs. Cobalt oxide‐based electrocatalysts on the air electrode have gained significant attention due to their extraordinary features. Particularly, exploration and integration of bifunctional behavior for energy storage has remarkably promoted both ORR and OER to facilitate the overall performance of the battery. The plot of this review is forwarded towards in‐depth analysis of the latest advancements in electrocatalysts that are based on cobalt oxide and possess bifunctional properties along with an introduction of the fundamental aspects of ZABs, Additionally, the topic entails an examination of the morphological variations and mechanistic details mentioning about the synthesis processes. Finally, a direction is provided for future research endeavors through addressing the challenges and prospects in the advancement of next‐generation bifunctional electrocatalysts to empower high‐performing ZABs with bifunctional cobalt oxide.
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