Structural Vulnerability in the U.S. Revealed in Three Waves of COVID-19

Solis, Jamie; Franco‐Paredes, Carlos; Henao‐Martínez, Andrés F.; Kršák, Martin; Zimmer, Shanta M.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0391

Cited by 112 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…At this point in the pandemic, the capacity to handle a PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES large influx of critically ill patients coming from jails and prisons is limited. Efforts at the federal, state, and local levels are reducing the number of incarcerated individuals [15]. However, without widespread availability of testing in jails and prisons to guide isolation and quarantine practices, inadequate supply of personal protective equipment for inmates including masks, and the revolving door of jails, hampers the ability to block transmission as the current outbreak inside many correctional facilities has uncovered [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efforts at the federal, state, and local levels are reducing the number of incarcerated individuals [15]. However, without widespread availability of testing in jails and prisons to guide isolation and quarantine practices, inadequate supply of personal protective equipment for inmates including masks, and the revolving door of jails, hampers the ability to block transmission as the current outbreak inside many correctional facilities has uncovered [15]. In the US, from a societal perspective, the increasingly identified impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among Hispanic Americans and African Americans reveals the prevailing structural violence across localities in the US [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, without widespread availability of testing in jails and prisons to guide isolation and quarantine practices, inadequate supply of personal protective equipment for inmates including masks, and the revolving door of jails, hampers the ability to block transmission as the current outbreak inside many correctional facilities has uncovered [15]. In the US, from a societal perspective, the increasingly identified impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among Hispanic Americans and African Americans reveals the prevailing structural violence across localities in the US [15]. Among these communities, the pervasive disparities that result from policies, economic systems, and institutions that limit peoples' education, access to resources, power relations, and social networks shapes people's practices and behaviors [15].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the US, from a societal perspective, the increasingly identified impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among Hispanic Americans and African Americans reveals the prevailing structural violence across localities in the US [15]. Among these communities, the pervasive disparities that result from policies, economic systems, and institutions that limit peoples' education, access to resources, power relations, and social networks shapes people's practices and behaviors [15]. These same forces are responsible for maintaining systematic social inequities that result in poor health.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on US prisons and jails is part of a larger pattern of the health disparity aspects of this viral illness. For example, in US Southern states most of the COVID19 deaths now occur among African American populations [15]. Though, in the short term, and while the pandemic continues to reshape the daily lives of all citizens in every corner in the world, no one is safe until everyone is safe, including those who are currently incarcerated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 in jails and prisons: A neglected infection in a marginalized population

et al. 2020

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 in jails and prisons: A neglected infection in a marginalized population

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Association of Social and Behavioral Risk Factors With Mortality Among US Veterans With COVID-19

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCEThe US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) offers programs that reduce barriers to care for veterans and those with housing instability, poverty, and substance use disorder. In this setting, however, the role that social and behavioral risk factors play in COVID-19 outcomes is unclear.OBJECTIVE To examine whether social and behavioral risk factors were associated with mortality among US veterans with COVID-19 and whether this association might be modified by race/ethnicity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study obtained data from the VA CorporateData Warehouse to form a cohort of veterans who received a positive COVID-19 test result between March 2 and September 30, 2020, in a VA health care facility. All veterans who met the inclusion criteria were eligible to participate in the study, and participants were followed up for 30 days after the first SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 diagnosis. The final follow-up date was October 31, 2020.EXPOSURES Social risk factors included housing problems and financial hardship. Behavioral risk factors included current tobacco use, alcohol use, and substance use. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome was all-cause mortality in the 30-day period after the SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 diagnosis date. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, clustering for health care facilities and adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, clinical factors, and month of COVID-19 diagnosis. RESULTS Among 27 640 veterans with COVID-19 who were included in the analysis, 24 496 were men (88.6%) and the mean (SD) age was 57.2 (16.6) years. A total of 3090 veterans (11.2%) had housing problems, 4450 (16.1%) had financial hardship, 5358 (19.4%) used alcohol, and 3569 (12.9%) reported substance use. Hospitalization occurred in 7663 veterans (27.7%), and 1230 veterans (4.5%) died. Housing problems (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.77-1.19;

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COVID‐19 pandemic: mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment

Kumar

Doshi

Khan

et al. 2020

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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The COVID‐19 pandemic has become a significant global health crisis. The virus has spread to more than 200 countries worldwide and continues to infect more lives and cause more deaths. The second, and possibly the third wave, has begun, with hospitalizations and deaths rising continuously. The impact has galvanized research groups around the world that are working on novel diagnostics, vaccines, biotherapeutics, personal protective equipment, and epidemiological data analysis. This perspective focuses on the biological aspects of COVID‐19 infection, the origin and structure of SARS‐CoV‐2, its genomic variations, mode of transmission, pathogenesis in the human body, symptoms of the infection, mechanism of entry in the host cell, and techniques for clinical diagnosis. Precautionary measures, different treatment options, vaccine development, importance of multidisciplinary research, and political and global prospects of the pandemic have also been addressed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Structural Vulnerability in the U.S. Revealed in Three Waves of COVID-19

Cited by 112 publications

References 16 publications

COVID-19 in jails and prisons: A neglected infection in a marginalized population

COVID-19 in jails and prisons: A neglected infection in a marginalized population

Association of Social and Behavioral Risk Factors With Mortality Among US Veterans With COVID-19

COVID‐19 pandemic: mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment

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