“…In the 13 C NMR spectra, the peak at 63.31 ppm represented the distinct C1 signal of xylan in hemicellulose. , The area integration between 67 and 58 ppm represented hemicellulose content and was increased in sample A (1.86), decreased in sample M (1.19), and unchanged in sample L (1.78) compared to that in sample C (1.77) (Table S7). These results indicate that treatment with ALNPs prevented or slowed down hemicellulose degradation in waterlogged wood samples due to the generation of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the abundant hydroxyl groups and −NH 2 from ALNPs and cellulose and hemicellulose in the wood cell wall. ,, The FTIR spectra also showed a peak at 1033 cm –1 , which was assigned to lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCC) (Table S6). This peak was not present in sample C but was present in samples L, M, and A. Lignin can covalently bond with carbohydrates to form LCC, which may contribute to the retention of the consolidant .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…These results indicate that treatment with ALNPs prevented or slowed down hemicellulose degradation in waterlogged wood samples due to the generation of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the abundant hydroxyl groups and −NH 2 from ALNPs and cellulose and hemicellulose in the wood cell wall. 72,73,89 The FTIR spectra also showed a peak at 1033 cm −1 , which was assigned to lignin− carbohydrate complexes (LCC) 90 (Table S6). This peak was not present in sample C but was present in samples L, M, and A. Lignin can covalently bond with carbohydrates to form LCC, which may contribute to the retention of the consolidant.…”
Lignin is the most abundant component in archaeological
waterlogged
wood, making it a potential consolidant with high compatibility for
historical wood conservation. However, its consolidation effect is
limited by its low penetration into the wood. In this study, modified
lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were proposed for the first time as conservation
materials for waterlogged archaeological wood. Two modified LNPs were
prepared with low molecular weight, small size, and high solubility
in ethylene glycol (EG) for consolidating waterlogged wood samples.
These nanoparticles, hydrophilic aminated LNPs (ALNPs) and hydrophobic
esterified LNPs (MALNPs), greatly improved the consolidation effect
of waterlogged wood samples compared to LNPs. This was demonstrated
by measuring their physical properties, dimensional stability, and
mechanical properties. The surface color change was almost within
the acceptable range for the human eye. We also discussed two different
reinforcement mechanisms of ALNPs and MALNPs. ALNPs can form hydrogen
bonds with hemicellulose/cellulose in the wood to strengthen the fragile
wood cell wall, while MALNPs can fill the wood cell lumen to support
the cell wall and prevent deformation during drying. Our work provides
an approach of using biomaterials as consolidants for archaeological
waterlogged wood and expands the use of lignin in this field.
“…In the 13 C NMR spectra, the peak at 63.31 ppm represented the distinct C1 signal of xylan in hemicellulose. , The area integration between 67 and 58 ppm represented hemicellulose content and was increased in sample A (1.86), decreased in sample M (1.19), and unchanged in sample L (1.78) compared to that in sample C (1.77) (Table S7). These results indicate that treatment with ALNPs prevented or slowed down hemicellulose degradation in waterlogged wood samples due to the generation of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the abundant hydroxyl groups and −NH 2 from ALNPs and cellulose and hemicellulose in the wood cell wall. ,, The FTIR spectra also showed a peak at 1033 cm –1 , which was assigned to lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCC) (Table S6). This peak was not present in sample C but was present in samples L, M, and A. Lignin can covalently bond with carbohydrates to form LCC, which may contribute to the retention of the consolidant .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…These results indicate that treatment with ALNPs prevented or slowed down hemicellulose degradation in waterlogged wood samples due to the generation of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the abundant hydroxyl groups and −NH 2 from ALNPs and cellulose and hemicellulose in the wood cell wall. 72,73,89 The FTIR spectra also showed a peak at 1033 cm −1 , which was assigned to lignin− carbohydrate complexes (LCC) 90 (Table S6). This peak was not present in sample C but was present in samples L, M, and A. Lignin can covalently bond with carbohydrates to form LCC, which may contribute to the retention of the consolidant.…”
Lignin is the most abundant component in archaeological
waterlogged
wood, making it a potential consolidant with high compatibility for
historical wood conservation. However, its consolidation effect is
limited by its low penetration into the wood. In this study, modified
lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were proposed for the first time as conservation
materials for waterlogged archaeological wood. Two modified LNPs were
prepared with low molecular weight, small size, and high solubility
in ethylene glycol (EG) for consolidating waterlogged wood samples.
These nanoparticles, hydrophilic aminated LNPs (ALNPs) and hydrophobic
esterified LNPs (MALNPs), greatly improved the consolidation effect
of waterlogged wood samples compared to LNPs. This was demonstrated
by measuring their physical properties, dimensional stability, and
mechanical properties. The surface color change was almost within
the acceptable range for the human eye. We also discussed two different
reinforcement mechanisms of ALNPs and MALNPs. ALNPs can form hydrogen
bonds with hemicellulose/cellulose in the wood to strengthen the fragile
wood cell wall, while MALNPs can fill the wood cell lumen to support
the cell wall and prevent deformation during drying. Our work provides
an approach of using biomaterials as consolidants for archaeological
waterlogged wood and expands the use of lignin in this field.
“…16 Building upon this foundation, subsequent methods for LCC extraction were investigated. 17,18 However, studies regarding the distribution of LCCs within bamboo cell walls are limited. The LCC consists of hemicellulose and lignin linked by covalent bonds and is characterized by a complex composition within the plant cell walls.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The extraction and identification methods for LCC have been extensively studied. − Björkman pioneered the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to extract the LCC from milled wood lignin, resulting in the creation of Björkman LCC . Building upon this foundation, subsequent methods for LCC extraction were investigated. , However, studies regarding the distribution of LCCs within bamboo cell walls are limited. The LCC consists of hemicellulose and lignin linked by covalent bonds and is characterized by a complex composition within the plant cell walls.…”
Bamboo is a promising biomass resource. However, the complex multilayered structure and chemical composition of bamboo cell walls create a unique anti-depolymerization barrier, which increases the difficulty of separation and utilization of bamboo. In this study, the relationship between the connections of lignin−carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) within bamboo cell walls and their multilayered structural compositions was investigated. The chemical composition, structural properties, dissolution processes, and migration mechanisms of LCCs were analyzed. Alkali-stabilized LCC bonds were found to be predominantly characterized by phenyl glycoside (PhGlc) bonds along with numerous p-coumaric acid (PCA) linkage structures. As demonstrated by the NMR and CLSM results, the dissolution of the LCC during the alkaline pretreatment process was observed to migrate from the inner secondary wall (S-layer) of the bamboo fiber cell walls to the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and compound middle lamella (CML), ultimately leading to its release from the bamboo. Furthermore, the presence of H-type lignin−FA−arabinoxylan linkage structures within the bamboo LCC was identified with their primary dissolution observed in the S-layer of the bamboo fiber cell walls. The study results provided a clear target for breaking down the anti-depolymerization barrier in bamboo, signifying a major advancement in achieving the comprehensive separation of bamboo components.
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