Structural study on graphene-based particles prepared from old coconut shell by acid–assisted mechanical exfoliation

Mesostructural study on graphenic-based carbon prepared from coconut shells by heat treatment and liquid exfoliation

“…It has been reported that the heating process, followed by the exfoliation process, is effective in exfoliating and breaking the van der Waals bonds between carbon layers [17,24]. The use of hydrochloric acid has also been proven to reduce the particle size of graphene [17]. In this study, the heating process was carried out at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1000 C to observe changes in the structure of the obtained GC.…”

“…Meanwhile, natural carbon sources are also available in the form of biomaterials derived from plants, either as products (bio-products) or waste (bio-waste), which are more environmentally friendly. An rGO-like structure has been found standing on natural carbon sources, coconut shell charcoal, by the facile synthesis, including the heating and the exfoliation processes [15,16,17,18]. Differences in synthesis route and treatment provide a unique and different nature of the obtained rGO [2].…”

“…Both the thermal and hydrochloric acid-assisted chemical exfoliation methods was applied for this production. It has been reported that the heating process, followed by the exfoliation process, is effective in exfoliating and breaking the van der Waals bonds between carbon layers [17,24]. The use of hydrochloric acid has also been proven to reduce the particle size of graphene [17].…”

“…In this study, the heating process was carried out at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1000 C to observe changes in the structure of the obtained GC. In a study conducted by M. A. Baqiya et al, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR characterization show the formation of an rGO-like structure, and the presence of molecular bonds such as C¼C, C-C, C-H, C-O, C¼O, and O-H prove the formation of the rGO-like structure [15,16,17,18]. Beyond XRD, here, WAXS measurement is performed to investigate the structure and phases of the obtained GC particles.…”

A Review on the Production Methods and Applications of Graphene-Based Materials

“…The graphene industry has shown vast scale development, but the flourishing of the graphene industry is yet to come, as the need for scalable production of graphene is a popular subject of research. Among the main manufacturing methods, mechanical exfoliation method [5,6], liquid phase stripping [7], oxidation-reduction method [8,9], and chemical vapor deposition [10] are most popular. The quality of graphene produced by Graphene-based materials have been used extensively in so many application areas such as in the field of energy, wearable technologies, agriculture, medical and healthcare, automobile, marine, and aerospace.…”