Structural study of the fulvic fraction during composting of activated sludge–plant matter: Elemental analysis, FTIR and 13C NMR

Characterization of water-extractable organic matter during the biostabilization of municipal solid waste

“…The wavelength pair of peak 4 did not significantly change in the following days, but the SFI gradually decreased and peak 4 vanished at last, which indicated that the fulvic acid-like compounds decreased when MSW reached stability. Some authors suggested that the fulvic acid, easily broken down fraction, transformed into high levels of stable structures through biooxidation [35].…”

Recycling Nannochloropsis oceanica culture media and growth inhibitors characterization

“…The peak observed at 1639 cm −1 may correspond to the ring-stretching of mannose or galactose [44], or to the aromatic \ \C_C\ \ groups of the humic substances [42,45]. The two peaks observed at 1425 and 1384 cm −1 could have been caused by the\ \OH group of phenol, symmetrical stretching of the\ \COO group of humic substances [42,46], or to the \ \CH 2 \ \ bending of saccharides [47][48][49][50], whereas the peak at 1139 cm − 1 may have been caused by either the C\ \O\ \C and C\ \O groups of carbohydrates [44,51] or the aliphatic structures of humic substances with high levels of oxygen-rich functional groups [45]. Adsorption peaks ranging from 1000 to 800 cm − 1 were attributed to pyranoidal ring structure vibration of saccharides [49][50], and the adsorption peak at 644 cm − 1 corresponded to the stretching of alkyl-halides [51].…”

The influence of flue gas desulphurization gypsum additive on characteristics and evolution of humic substance during co-composting of dairy manure and sugarcane pressmud

“…Therefore, it is important to investigate the characteristics and evolution of HS to better understand composting process. Recently, numbers of studies showed the effects of compost technologies and raw materials on the characteristics of HS during composting (Zhou et al, 2014;Jurado et al, 2015;Jouraiphy et al, 2008). Nevertheless, report about the effects of additive on the nature of HS during composting is limited.…”