Structural Studies by Stepwise Enzymatic Degradation of the Main Backbone of Soybean Soluble Polysaccharides Consisting of Galacturonan and Rhamnogalacturonan

Nakamura, Akihiro; Furuta, Hitoshi; Maeda, Hirokazu; Takao, Toshifumi; Nagamatsu, Yasunori

doi:10.1271/bbb.66.1301

Cited by 157 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Pectin consists of HG, RG-I, RG-II, and, in some tissues and species, xylogalacturonan and apiogalacturonan (1). The precise nature of the linkages between these pectic polysaccharides in the wall remains controversial (30), although the available evidence supports a linkage via the backbones of the polymers (31). Clearly, the synthesis of pectin requires the coordinated action of numerous GalATs (at least one HG:GalAT, one RG-I:GalAT, and two to three RG-II:GalATs) (12).…”

Section: Gaut1 and Js33 Are Part Of A Multigene Family In Arabidopsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase

Sterling

Atmodjo

Inwood

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

242

312

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Galacturonosyltransferases (GalATs) are required for the synthesis of pectin, a family of complex polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all land plants. We report the identification of a pectin GalAT (GAUT1) using peptide sequences obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana proteins partially purified for homogalacturonan (HG) ␣-1,4-GalAT activity. Transient expression of GAUT1 cDNA in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 yielded uridine diphosphogalacturonic acid:GalAT activity. Polyclonal antibodies generated against GAUT1 immunoabsorbed HG ␣-1,4-GalAT activity from Arabidopsis solubilized membrane proteins. BLAST analysis of the Arabidopsis genome identified a family of 25 genes with high sequence similarity to GAUT1 and homologous genes in other dicots, in rice, and in Physcomitrella. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic Bayesian analysis of the Arabidopsis GAUT1-related gene family separates them into four related clades of GAUT and GAUT-like genes that are distinct from the other Arabidopsis members of glycosyltransferase family 8. The identification of GAUT1 as a HG GalAT and of the GAUT1-related gene family provides the genetic and biochemical tools required to study the function of these genes in pectin synthesis.biosynthesis ͉ cell wall ͉ glycosyltransferase ͉ polygalacturonic acid ͉ pectic polysaccharide

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Section: Gaut1 and Js33 Are Part Of A Multigene Family In Arabidopsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase

Sterling

Atmodjo

Inwood

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

242

312

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“…Interestingly, the mutant phenotypes of all three genes include effects on both HG and xylan content and/or synthase activity, thus preventing their definitive functional identification (Shao et al 2004;Orfila et al 2005;Brown et al 2007;Lee et al 2007b;Peña et al 2007;Persson et al 2007a). While pectins and heteroxylans are generally thought of as separate polymers, structural analyses have suggested that they may be covalently linked (Nakamura et al 2002). Hence, it has been proposed that a lack of an enzymatic activity may affect both polymers through the absence of a specific linkage (Persson et al 2007a;Mohnen 2008).…”

Section: Pectin Homogalacturonan (Hg)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Doblin

Pettolino

Bacic

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

177

140

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Abstract. Plants are our major source of renewable biomass. Since cell walls represent some 50% of this biomass, they are major targets for biotechnology. Major drivers are their potential as a renewable source of energy as transport fuels (biofuels), functional foods to improve human health and as a source of raw materials to generate building blocks for industrial processes (biobased industries). To achieve sustainable development, we must optimise plant production and utilisation and this will require a complete understanding of wall structure and function at the molecular/biochemical level. This overview summarises the current state of knowledge in relation to the synthesis and assembly of the wall polysaccharides (i.e. the genes and gene families encoding the polysaccharide synthases and glycosyltransferases (GlyTs)), the predominant macromolecular components. We also touch on an exciting emerging role of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum as a signal perception and transduction pathway allowing plant growth regulation in response to endogenous and exogenous cues.Additional keywords: cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum, glycosyltransferase, polysaccharide structure and biosynthesis, synthase. Plant cell wallsA distinguishing feature of plant cells is the presence of a polysaccharide-rich wall. The wall encloses each cell while at the same time allowing the transfer of solutes and signalling molecules between cells via specific structures such as plasmodesmata (symplastic transport), or pores within the gellike matrix of the wall itself (apoplastic movement). Similar to the skeleton of animals, the plant wall is a key determinant of overall plant form, growth and development. In contrast to having a specialised skeletal system as occurs in animals, the shape and strength of plants rely on the properties of the wall. The wall also plays a significant role in plant defence and responses to environmental stresses. Plant walls are important not simply because they are integral to plant growth and development but also because they determine the quality of plant-based products. The texture, nutritional and processing properties of plant-based foods for human and animal consumption is heavily influenced by the characteristics of the wall. Fibre for textiles, pulp and paper manufacture, and timber products and increasingly for fuel and composite manufacture is largely composed of walls, or derived from them. Due to their relevance to these industries, the chemical structures of the constituent polymers (polysaccharides, (glyco) proteins, polyphenolics) and the biochemical processes involved in the synthesis, maturation and turnover of the wall have been the subjects of research for many years. This research is now intensifying with the prospect of using plant ligno-cellulosic biomass as a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the production of transportation fuels. Advances are likely to occur through molecular biological and functional genomics approaches, including pu...

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“…Similar to gum arabic, emulsifying properties of this polysaccharide are ascribed to the proteinaceous moiety that is covalently bound to a high molecular weight fraction of the carbohydrate backbone, adsorbing onto the oil-water interface as an anchor, whereas the carbohydrate fraction contributes to emulsion stability through steric repulsions, preventing aggregation or coalescence of the oil droplets by forming a hydrated layer (Nakamura, Takahashi et al, 2004;Nakamura et al, 2006). Soybean soluble polysaccharide is abundant in galactose, galacturonic acid, and arabinose, in this order, consisting predominantly of galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan as the backbone with long lateral polymer chains of 1, 4-linked β-galactan and 1, 3-or 1, 5-linked α-arabinan, linked to the rhamnose residues within the rhamnogalacturonan backbone (Nakamura et al, 2001(Nakamura et al, , 2002. The degree of polymerization for the galactan side-chain is reportedly ca.…”

Section: Charidementioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of Food Polysaccharides

Funami

2010

FSTR

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that generates images (primarily topographical ones) by scanning the surface of samples with a sharp tip. AFM is applicable to samples with low electric conductivities, and its operating range spans that accessible to both light and electron microscopes, allowing for molecular resolution. These features of AFM enable soft materials to be visualized under natural conditions without harsh or damaging procedures. For food polysaccharides, AFM is capable of visualizing not only dispersed molecules but also molecular assemblies with an advantage over other physical techniques in quantifying the heterogeneity of samples. From these perspectives, AFM is one of the most versatile techniques for obtaining structural information on food polysaccharides, contributing to the progress of this research area. In this article, AFM images of various food polysaccharides are presented along with the usefulness and limitations of this microscopy technique.Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM), food polysaccharides, dispersed molecule, molecular assembly, supermolecular structure *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tfunami@saneigenffi.co.jp IntroductionAtomic force microscopy (AFM), developed by Binning and Quate in 1986, is a type of scanning probe microscopy that generates images, primarily topographical ones, by scanning the surface of samples with a sharp tip attached to a cantilever. This means that AFM generates images by touching samples rather than observing them. AFM is applicable to samples with low electric conductivities, differing from a scanning tunneling microscope, and is free from a diffraction limit, allowing for a molecular resolution up to the sub-nanometer level. These features of AFM enable the visualization of soft materials, including biomaterials and food materials under natural conditions without harsh or damaging preparative and imaging procedures used in conventional electron microscopy methods, including dyeing, drying, and metal deposition. AFM imaging works both in air and aqueous environments, making it possible to visualize samples in a hydrated form such that the samples exhibit behaviors similar to those seen in real systems.As a tool for the study of food hydrocolloids, AFM is capable of visualizing not only dispersed or isolated molecules

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Structural Studies by Stepwise Enzymatic Degradation of the Main Backbone of Soybean Soluble Polysaccharides Consisting of Galacturonan and Rhamnogalacturonan

Cited by 157 publications

References 37 publications

Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase

Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of Food Polysaccharides

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