Structural response of fire-exposed cross-laminated timber beams under sustained loads

Lineham, Sean A.; Thomson, Daniel; Bartlett, Alastair I.; Bisby, Luke; Hadden, Rory M.

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.08.002

Cited by 58 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It can be used in different structural components, such as large span floors [14]. CLT buildings are normally considered to have better structural performance and this is supported by a large amount of research [15]. Some researchers also focus on enhancing the mechanical properties of CLT or using different materials in lamina [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an Alternative Material for Mid-Rise Residential Buildings in Cold Regions in China—A Life-Cycle Assessment Approach

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Timber building has gained more and more attention worldwide due to it being a generic renewable material and having low environmental impact. It is widely accepted that the use of timber may be able to reduce the embodied energy of a building. However, the development of timber buildings in China is not as rapid as in some other countries. This may be because of the limitations of building regulations and technological development. Several new policies have been or are being implemented in China in order to encourage the use of timber in building construction and this could lead to a revolutionary change in the building industry in China. This paper is the first one to examine the feasibility of using Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an alternative solution to concrete by means of a cradle-to-grave life-cycle assessment in China. A seven-storey reference concrete building in Xi'an was selected as a case study in comparison with a redesigned CLT building. Two cities in China, in cold and severe cold regions (Xi'an and Harbin), were selected for this research. The assessment includes three different stages of the life span of a building: materialisation, operation, and end-of-life. The inventory data used in the materialisation stage was mostly local, in order to ensure that the assessment appropriately reflects the situation in China. Energy consumption in the operation stage was obtained from simulation by commercialised software IES TM , and different scenarios for recycling of timber material in the end-of-life are discussed in this paper. The results from this paper show that using CLT to replace conventional carbon intensive material would reduce energy consumption by more than 30% and reduce CO 2 emission by more than 40% in both cities. This paper supports, and has shown the potential of, CLT being used in cold regions with proper detailing to minimise environmental impact.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an Alternative Material for Mid-Rise Residential Buildings in Cold Regions in China—A Life-Cycle Assessment Approach

et al. 2016

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“…The fire testing method was widely questioned by the fire safety science community in the past. [13][14][15][16] One of the main problems identified is with the differences in the fire growth observed in different compartments that are not represented by the method. As explained in Drysdale, 17 different wall materials significantly affect the compartment fire, including its growth rate and severity.…”

Section: Some Recognised Issues With the Standard Fire Exposure Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fire testing method was widely questioned by the fire safety science community in the past . One of the main problems identified is with the differences in the fire growth observed in different compartments that are not represented by the method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The discrepancies in energy balance in furnace testing, a bug or a feature?

2019

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Summary The paper aims to explain the differences found in the heat release rate measurements in a large sample of standard fire tests (EN 1363‐1). A total of 379 tests of vertical assemblies was investigated, all performed in furnace SPARK of the ITB Fire Testing Laboratory, in 2015‐2018. The assemblies were subdivided into two groups—wall assemblies and fire‐rated doors. These assemblies were also compared with the results of the test of a wall built with aerated autoclaved concrete blocks that was considered as the benchmark test. It was observed that walls built with highly insulated sandwich panels require less heat to maintain standard thermal exposure conditions (20%‐30% less) than their counterparts built from gypsum plasterboard or aluminium and fire‐rated glass. In case of doors, it was observed that combustible samples required significantly less heat than the benchmark case (40%‐70% less), which indicates that the combustion of the sample inside of the furnace was an additional, significant source of heat release, that may skew the qualitative assessment of their performance in fire. A more in‐depth discussion of the results is provided, with some ideas on the direction of further developments in fire testing.

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“…The flexural strength of the CLT was determined using bending tests to failure, performed by the authors in accordance with BS EN 16351 [27]. For a failure mode consisting of tensile rupture in the outer lamella parallel to the grain, the average strength was found to be 35 N/mm 2 ±2 N/mm 2 [28,29]. Similarly, the elastic modulus orthogonal to the grain direction was found to be 335 N/mm 2 , whereas it was determined to be 10,050 N/mm 2 parallel to the grain [28].…”

Section: Experimental Set Upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural response of cross-laminated timber compression elements exposed to fire

Wiesner

Randmael

Wan

et al. 2017

Fire Safety Journal

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A set of novel structural fire tests on axially loaded cross-laminated timber (CLT) compression elements (walls), locally exposed to thermal radiation sufficient to cause sustained flaming combustion, are presented and discussed. Test specimens were subjected to a sustained compressive load, equivalent to 10 % or 20 % of their nominal ambient axial compressive capacity. The walls were then locally exposed to a nominal constant incident heat flux of 50 kW/m 2 over their mid height area until failure occurred. The axial and lateral deformations of the walls were measured and compared against predictions calculated using a finite Bernoulli beam element analysis, to shed light on the fundamental mechanics and needs for rational structural design of CLT compression elements in fire. For the walls tested herein, failure at both ambient and elevated temperature was due to global buckling. At high temperature failure results from excessive lateral deflections and second order flexural effects due to reductions the walls' effective crosssection and flexural rigidity, as well as a shift of the effective neutral axis in bending during fire. Measured average one-dimensional charring rates ranged between 0.82 and 1.0 mm/min in these tests. As expected, the lamellae configuration greatly influenced the walls' deformation responses and times to failure; with 3-ply walls failing earlier than those with 5-plies. The walls' deformation response during heating suggests that, if a conventional reduced cross section method (RCSM), zero strength layer analysis were undertaken, the required zero strength layer depths would range between 15.2 mm and 21.8 mm. Deflection paths further suggest that the concept of a zero strength layer is inadequate for properly capturing the mechanical response of fire-exposed CLT compression elements.

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Structural response of fire-exposed cross-laminated timber beams under sustained loads

Cited by 58 publications

References 7 publications

Assessing Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an Alternative Material for Mid-Rise Residential Buildings in Cold Regions in China—A Life-Cycle Assessment Approach

Assessing Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as an Alternative Material for Mid-Rise Residential Buildings in Cold Regions in China—A Life-Cycle Assessment Approach

The discrepancies in energy balance in furnace testing, a bug or a feature?

Structural response of cross-laminated timber compression elements exposed to fire

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