Structural Racism, Historical Redlining, and Risk of Preterm Birth in New York City, 2013–2017

Krieger, Nancy; Wye, Gretchen Van; Huynh, Mary; Waterman, Pamela D.; Maduro, Gil; Li, Wenhui; Gwynn, R. Charon; Barbot, Oxiris; Bassett, Mary T.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305656

Cited by 285 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…found an association between historical redlining and risk of preterm birth in New York City, and we previously observed a relationship between redlining and current disparities in rates of asthma-related emergency room visits in California [ 19 , 24 ]. Both studies conceptualize historical redlining as an indicator of government-sanctioned policies that deprived neighborhoods of capital investment and physically segregated people of color in ways that diminished access to services, amenities, and health care resources that are critical to promoting healthy lifestyles and community well-being [ 24 , 25 ]. Historical redlining was one of many racist policies in the 1930s and beyond, including racially restrictive covenants, discriminatory insurance underwriting practices by the Federal Housing Association, and predatory lending among others, that segregated neighborhoods [ 6 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In a recent study, Krieger et al . found increased odds of preterm birth among 528,096 births in New York City between 2013 and 2017 in historically redlined areas compared to the best-graded areas, though this association was statistically insignificant after adjusting for present-day racialized economic segregation [ 24 ]. Though we similarly found higher odds of preterm birth in grade ‘C’ neighborhoods, several key differences between our analyses hamper study comparisons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between historical redlining and birth outcomes from 2006 through 2015 in California

et al. 2020

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between historical redlining and birth outcomes from 2006 through 2015 in California

et al. 2020

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“…Where people live also determines health. The federal government’s promotion of racial segregation via redlining practices in the 1930s have had profound health effects that remain to this day [40]. Cities with greater residential segregation have higher HIV incidence [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New pathogen, same disparities: why COVID‐19 and HIV remain prevalent in U.S. communities of colour and implications for ending the HIV epidemic

Millett

2020

J Int AIDS Soc

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Introduction The U.S. Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) Initiative was launched nationally in February 2019. With a target of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030, EHE initially scales up effective HIV prevention and care in 57 localities that comprise the greatest proportion of annual HIV diagnoses in the United States (US). However, the EHE effort has been eclipsed by another infectious disease 11 months into the Initiative’s implementation. SARS‐COV‐2, a novel coronavirus, has infected more than eight million Americans and at least 223 000 (as of 23 October 2020) have succumbed to the disease. This commentary explores the social conditions that place communities of colour at greater risk for COVID‐19 and HIV, and assesses challenges to EHE in a post‐COVID‐19 universe. Discussion One of the many common threads between HIV and COVID‐19 is the disproportionate impact of each disease among communities of colour. A recent report by the National Academy of Sciences surmised that as much as 70% of health outcomes are due to health access, socio‐economic factors and environmental conditions. Social determinants of health associated with greater HIV burden in Black and Brown communities have re‐emerged in epidemiological studies of disproportionate COVID‐19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths in communities of colour. Using data from the scientific literature, this commentary makes direct comparisons between HIV and COVID‐19 racial disparities across the social determinants of health. Furthermore, I examine three sets of challenges facing EHE: (1) Challenges that hamper both the EHE and COVID‐19 response (i.e. insufficiently addressing the social determinants of health; amplification of disparities as new health technologies are introduced) (2) Challenges posed by COVID‐19 (i.e. diverting HIV resources to address COVID‐19 and tapering of EHE funding generally); and (3) Challenges unrelated to COVID‐19 (i.e. emergence of new and related health disparities; repeal of the Affordable Care Act and long‐term viability of EHE). Conclusions Racism and discrimination place communities of colour at greater risk for COVID‐19 as well as HIV. Achieving and sustaining an end to the U.S. HIV epidemic will require structural change to eliminate conditions that give rise to and maintain disparities.

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“…At the same time, the individualistic perspective that prevails in oral health research on racial oppression (2) must be complemented by investigations adopting broader units of analysis (i.e., populations nested in states, regions, countries etc.) in what we would call historically informed ecological and multi-level studies (KRIEGER et al (57) have recently conducted one such study to assess the relationship between historical redlining and preterm births in New York, United States of America). Multi-level studies have already been conducted by oral health researchers (one example is the publication by TELLEZ et al (58)), but these still need to elaborate on sociological and historiographical theories and their corresponding hypotheses so that an anti-racist narrative may effectively be built.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks Future Research Directions and Implicatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing racial equity in oral health (research): more of the same is not enough

Bastos

Constante

Celeste

et al. 2020

European J Oral Sciences

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By critically appraising the literature on the oral health effects of race-based oppression, this focus article makes four recommendations that may both facilitate more nuanced research on the topic and mitigate racial/ethnic inequities in (oral) health. The first is recognizing that science itself may perpetuate racial/ethnic injustice, such that adopting a 'neutral' position must be replaced with actively fostering anti-racist narratives. The second is to not imply that racial oppression is bad because it harms oral health. Rather, studies should help build a fairer world, wherein oral health inequities would not abound. The third recommendation is encouraging initiatives that understand systems of oppression as conjointly operating to shape oral health. The fourth and final recommendation is taking race-based oppression as a multilevel system that operates on three interrelated conceptual levelsintra-personal, inter-personal, and structural. The extent to which scholars, practitioners, and policymakers are willing to follow these recommendations may determine how successful attempts to eradicate (oral) health inequities might be. Learning from, and avoiding mistakes made in, previous publications is one ethical pathway towards this end.

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Structural Racism, Historical Redlining, and Risk of Preterm Birth in New York City, 2013–2017

Cited by 285 publications

References 18 publications

Associations between historical redlining and birth outcomes from 2006 through 2015 in California

Associations between historical redlining and birth outcomes from 2006 through 2015 in California

New pathogen, same disparities: why COVID‐19 and HIV remain prevalent in U.S. communities of colour and implications for ending the HIV epidemic

Advancing racial equity in oral health (research): more of the same is not enough

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