“…Incident cases, the fraction of diagnostic tests that return a positive result (test positivity rate, TPR), or any other metric based on diagnostic testing in the general population is subject to bias due to fluctuating access to, availability of, and demand for diagnostic testing. These factors vary across time, geography, age, and racial and ethnic groups, and the data needed to control for these biases is often unavailable [1,[13][14][15][16][17]. The timeliness of data can also be hampered by long turn-around-times and delays in vendors' reporting of test results to health agencies [14].…”