Designing ligands with efficient
actinide (An(III))/lanthanide
(Ln(III)) separation performance is still one of the key issues for
the disposal of accumulated radioactive waste and the recovery of
minor actinides. Recently, the hydrophilic ligands as promising extractants
in the innovative Selective ActiNide Extraction (i-SANEX) process
show excellent selectivity for Am(III) over Eu(III), such as hydroxylated-based
ligands. In this work, we investigated the selective back-extraction
toward Am(III) over Eu(III) with three hydrophilic hydroxylated triazolyl-based
ligands (the skeleton of pyridine L
a
, bipyridine L
b
, and phenanthroline L
c
) using scalar-relativistic density
functional theory. The properties of three hydrophilic hydroxylated
ligands and the coordination structures, bonding nature, and thermodynamic
properties of the Am(III) and Eu(III) complexes with three ligands
have been evaluated using multiple theoretical methods. The results
of molecular orbitals (MOs), quantum theory of atoms in molecules
(QTAIMs), and natural bond orbital (NBO) reveal that Am–N bonds
possess more covalent character compared to Eu–N bonds. The
thermodynamic results indicate that the complexing ability of L
b
and L
c
with metal ions is almost the same, which is stronger than
that of L
a
. However, L
a
has the best Am(III)/Eu(III) selectivity
among three ligands, which is attributed to the largest difference
in covalency between Am–Ntrzl and Eu–Ntrzl bonds in ML
a
(NO3)3. This work provides an in-depth understanding
of the preferential selectivity of the hydrophilic hydroxylated ligands
with An(III) over Ln(III) and also provides theoretical support for
designing potential hydrophilic ligands with excellent separation
performance of Am(III)/Eu(III).