Monoolein-based cubic
and hexagonal mesophases were investigated
as matrices for insulin loading, at low pH, as a function of temperature
and in the presence of increasing amounts of oleic acid, as a structural
stabilizer for the hexagonal phase. Synchrotron small angle X-ray
diffraction, rheological measurements, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the effects of
insulin loading on the lipid mesophases and of the effect of protein
confinement in the 2D- and 3D-lipid matrix water channels on its stability
and unfolding behavior. We found that insulin encapsulation has only
little effects both on the mesophase structures and on the viscoelastic
properties of lipid systems, whereas protein confinement affects the
response of the secondary structure of insulin to thermal changes
in a different manner according to the specific mesophase: in the
cubic structure, the unfolding toward an unordered structure is favored,
while the prevalence of parallel β-sheets, and nuclei for fibril
formation, is observed in hexagonal structures.