Structural-phase transformations and changes in the properties of AISI 321 stainless steel induced by liquid carburizing at low temperature

Savrai, R. A.; Скорынина, П. А.

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128613

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Figure 3 3a-d, the phase structure of 30CrMnSiA steel mainly implies of α'-Fe and Fe 3 C grains, which are α'-martensite and Fe 3 C-cementite (iron carbide), as well as the broadening of interference lines from the crystallographic plane (110). The broadening of the interference lines of the plane (110) and the increase in their relative intensity are presumably associated with an increase in the density of dislocations during the formation of martensite and is determined mainly by the tetragonality of martensite, which is consistent with the results reported by other authors [42][43][44]. However, it is known that with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis, it is possible to detect the presence of any phase with its content in the amount of at least 2%, and to identify phases in smaller quantities, it is necessary to use other methods of analysis.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Investigation of Changes in the Structural-Phase State and the Efficiency of Hardening of 30CrMnSiA Steel by the Method of Electrolytic Plasma Thermocyclic Surface Treatment

et al. 2022

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Electrolytic plasma thermocyclic surface hardening is an attractive solution for both chemical and heat treatment used to improve the properties of the steel surface by structural and phase transformation. Structural and phase transformations occurring during the process of electrolytic plasma thermocyclic hardening are performed repeatedly at varying heating–cooling temperatures, which radically improve the quality of the part and give them properties unattainable by means of one-time processing. The impact of electrolytic plasma thermocyclic hardening modes on the structure and mechanical and tribological properties of 30CrMnSiA steel is investigated. The structural and phase components were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray phase analysis. It is established that the structure of the cross-section is characterized by the following zonality: zone 1—a near-surface hardened zone, which is composed of hardened martensite; zone 2—thermal influence; and zone 3—a matrix consisting of pearlite and ferrite. The microhardness and wear resistance of the hardened surface were evaluated by nanoindentation and “ball on disk” methods, respectively. Nanoindentation analysis demonstrated that the indentation hardening process provides a maximum increase in hardness by three times and an increase in stiffness with a decrease in the elastic modulus by 38% compared to the original steel. The results of tribological studies show that electrolytic plasma thermocyclic hardening increases the resistance of steel to friction by increasing the surface hardness and reduces the area of actual contact during friction. It is established that the microhardness of the cross-section decreases proportionally from the surface to the depth of the layer, which is associated with a decrease in the volume content of martensite.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Investigation of Changes in the Structural-Phase State and the Efficiency of Hardening of 30CrMnSiA Steel by the Method of Electrolytic Plasma Thermocyclic Surface Treatment

et al. 2022

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“…In particular, stainless steel is one of the widely used materials in 3D printing owing to its excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature stability [10]. The austenitic alloy AISI 321 is known for its remarkable mechanical and thermal properties, especially at high temperatures [11]; these beneficial characteristics have attracted considerable interest for applying AISI 321 to combustion system components in the power generation field, including combustor swirlers [12]. These swirlers play critical roles in ensuring efficient mixing of fuel and air, ultimately affecting the combustion system performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical behaviors and wear resistances of 3D-printed AISI 321 components for combustor swirler applications

Lee,

Jang,

Kim

et al. 2024

Phys. Scr.

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This comprehensive study investigates the mechanical behaviors and wear characteristics of 3D-printed AISI 321, with a specific focus on its applicability in combustion swirler components for the power generation industry. Through meticulous exploration of various process parameters and postprocessing techniques, valuable insights were gained into the performance disparities between layered and cast specimens. Analyses revealed intriguing comparisons of key data points: while layered specimens exhibited higher surface roughness (4.37 μm), they demonstrated a lower friction coefficient (0.26) yet a higher wear rate (4.79 × 10−7 mm3/N·mm) compared to their cast specimens. Further investigation into the influence of layering direction unveiled that horizontally layered specimens presented smoother surfaces (0.26 μm), higher hardness (340 HV 1), and improved wear resistance (2.61 × 10−7 mm3/N·mm) compared to vertically layered specimens. Furthermore, the study examined the friction and wear characteristics of layered specimens based on the contact surface, including the top, side, and bottom surfaces. Lastly, a comparison of the mechanical behavior and friction/wear characteristics of layered specimens and cast specimens was conducted, demonstrating that the layered specimens fabricated using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) method exhibited superior performance. These findings underscore the significant potential of 3D-printed AISI 321 in enhancing performance and sustainability in power generation applications, while highlighting the ongoing need for continued research and development to fully exploit the capabilities of additive manufacturing technologies.

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“…Low-temperature carburizing of stainless-steel materials using carburizing gases, such as methane, propane, and butane, is a common method for producing a carburizing S phase with supersaturated carbon. In this method, carbon diffuses from the surface to form an expanded austenitic phase, thus improving wear resistance similar to the nitriding S phase [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Furthermore, compared to only carburizing or nitriding, a continuous or simultaneous treatment that combines carburizing and nitriding can increase the thickness, hardness, and wear resistance of the S phase [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Solid-Solution Carbon and Eutectic Carbides in AISI 316L Steel-Based Tungsten Carbide Composites on Plasma Carburizing and Nitriding

Adachi

Yamaguchi

Tanaka

et al. 2023

Metals

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AISI 316L stainless-steel-based tungsten carbide composite layers fabricated via laser metal deposition are used for additive manufacturing. Heat treatment practices such as low-temperature plasma carburizing and nitriding improve the hardness and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels via the formation of expanded austenite, known as the S phase. In the present study, practices to enhance the hardness and corrosion resistances of the stainless-steel parts in the composite layers have been investigated, including single plasma carburizing for 4 h and continuous plasma nitriding for 3.5 h following carburizing for 0.5 h at 400 and 450 °C. The as-deposited composite layers contain solid-solution carbon and eutectic carbides owing to the thermal decomposition of tungsten carbide during the laser metal deposition. The eutectic carbides inhibit carbon diffusion, whereas the original solid-solution carbon contributes to the formation of the S phase, resulting in a thick S phase layer. Both the single carburizing and continuous processes are effective in improving the Vickers surface hardness and corrosion resistance of the composite layers despite containing the solid-solution carbon and eutectic carbides.

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Structural-phase transformations and changes in the properties of AISI 321 stainless steel induced by liquid carburizing at low temperature

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

Investigation of Changes in the Structural-Phase State and the Efficiency of Hardening of 30CrMnSiA Steel by the Method of Electrolytic Plasma Thermocyclic Surface Treatment

Investigation of Changes in the Structural-Phase State and the Efficiency of Hardening of 30CrMnSiA Steel by the Method of Electrolytic Plasma Thermocyclic Surface Treatment

Mechanical behaviors and wear resistances of 3D-printed AISI 321 components for combustor swirler applications

Effects of Solid-Solution Carbon and Eutectic Carbides in AISI 316L Steel-Based Tungsten Carbide Composites on Plasma Carburizing and Nitriding

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