Structural-phase changes in Al6061-T6 alloy during high-dose N<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>implantation

Soukieh, M.

doi:10.1080/10420150310001654043

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…So, the hardness of the sample subjected at the maximum doses achieves values close to 5.1 GPa in our measurements, which are also consistent with the average value of hardness in the affected region of NiTi samples treated by nitrogen PIII on the same NiTi alloy at a dose of 9.6·1 16 ions cm -2 [13] . These results are in agreement with others reported in the literature, in which and in general, high dose ion implantations of nitrogen on different alloys seem to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of the surface [16][17][18] .…”

Section: R Re Es Su Ul Lt Ts S a An Nd D D Di Is Sc Cu Us Ss Si supporting

confidence: 93%

“…The present paper deals with the influence of nitrogen ion implantation on corrosion behavior of NiTi in Hank's solution. Nitrogen implantation at 150 keV with nominal doses ranged from 0.5x10 17 to 8x10 17 ion cm -2 were used. Mechanical surface characterization was carried out by nanohardness, corrosion mechanism evaluation by electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests and surface composition by XPS spectra.…”

Section: I In Nt Tr Ro Od Du Uc Ct Ti Io On Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on in vitro corrosion behaviour of NiTi

Barcos¹,

Conde²,

Damborenea³

et al. 2008

Rev. metal.

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Section: R Re Es Su Ul Lt Ts S a An Nd D D Di Is Sc Cu Us Ss Si supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: I In Nt Tr Ro Od Du Uc Ct Ti Io On Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on in vitro corrosion behaviour of NiTi

Barcos¹,

Conde²,

Damborenea³

et al. 2008

Rev. metal.

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“…The ion implantation affects the changes of cobalt-based solid solution crystallite structure. Exemplary in the case of aluminium alloy literature reports [ 55 ] that high-dose ion implantation of nitrogen leads to the formation of nitride phases which is a result of chemical bond rearrangement. However, no nitride phases were confirmed by the XRD investigation of Stellite 6 ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

et al. 2021

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From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work investigates the effect of nitrogen ion implantation (NII) of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of resistance to CE. Finally, the cobalt-rich matrix phase transformations due to both NII and cavitation load were studied. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5 × 1016 cm−2 and 1 × 1017 cm−2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen-implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost ten times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that NII of HIPed Stellite 6 favours transformation of the ε(hcp) to γ(fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite ε-rich matrix is less prone to plastic deformation than γ and consequently, increase of γ phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable γ structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and γ → ε martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of γ phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, that leads to loss of matrix phase and as a result the CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials.

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“…The ion implantation affects the changes of cobalt-based solid solution crystallite structure. Literature reports [51] that high-dose ion implantation of nitrogen leads to formation of nitrides. However, no nitrides were confirmed by the XRD investigation and it seems that nitrogen ion implantation results mainly in a change of hcp to fcc structure.…”

Section: Microstructure Of the Hiped Stellitementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

Szala

Chocyk

Skic

et al. 2021

Preprint

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From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 alloy exhibits excellent cavitation erosion (CE) resistance. In this work, the effect of nitrogen ion implantation of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of CE resistance and both cobalt-rich matrix phase transformation due to nitrogen implantation and CE were stated. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5x1016 cm-2 and 1x1017 cm-2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost 10 times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that HIPed Stellite 6 nitrogen ion implantation favours transformation of the ɛ(hcp) to γ(fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite ɛ-rich matirx is less prone to plastic deformation than γ and consequently, increase of γ phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable γ structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and γ → ɛ martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of fcc phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 losing their restrain, are debonding and removed. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, the loss of matrix phase and CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials.

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Structural-phase changes in Al6061-T6 alloy during high-dose N₂⁺implantation

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on in vitro corrosion behaviour of NiTi

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on in vitro corrosion behaviour of NiTi

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

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Structural-phase changes in Al6061-T6 alloy during high-dose N2+implantation

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on in vitro corrosion behaviour of NiTi

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on in vitro corrosion behaviour of NiTi

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

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Structural-phase changes in Al6061-T6 alloy during high-dose N₂⁺implantation