Structural, morphological, Raman and ac electrical properties of the multiferroic sol-gel made Bi0.8Er0.1Ba0.1Fe0.96Cr0.02Co0.02O3 material

Complex Dielectric Characteristics, ac-Conductivity, and Impedance Spectroscopy of B-Doped nc-SiOX:H Thin Films

“…At high temperatures, the ac conductivity is likely for the thermally generated carriers trapped at the structural defects or disorders and they form small polarons. Actually, the term “small” implies that the polarons are localized with their distortion clouds non-overlapping . According to the small polaron tunneling model, n can be expressed by where ω is the frequency in Hz (s –1 ), T is the temperature in K, τ 0 is the characteristic relaxation time (∼10 –13 s, in the order of atomic vibrational period), K B is the Boltzmann constant, and W H is the polaron hopping energy (height of the maximum barrier). , Using this model, the polaron hopping energy ( W H ) has been calculated and the corresponding magnitudes are ∼0.23 and 0.45 eV for nc-SiO X :H (sample A) and a-SiO X :H (sample B) thin films prepared at CO 2 = 0.25 sccm and CO 2 = 0.40 sccm, respectively.…”

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“…The composition and purity of the prepared compounds were determined by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the micrographs showed that the grains are irregular and non-uniformly distributed as in the case of the pure BFO compound [7]. The particle size determination was done by transmission electron microscopy using image-J software, as shown in Figure 1 for BEBFMC.…”

“…Considering the previous, the discussion of structural, morphological, magnetic and dielectric properties of BFO compound prepared by sol-gel and with the substitution of 10% of Er 3+ and 10% of Ba 2+ in A-site of BiFeO 3 compound simultaneously with 4% of Mn 3+ or Co 2+ and Cr 3+ (2% each one) in its B-site was done [7][8][9].…”

Investigation of temperature and frequency dependence of the dielectric properties of multiferroic (La0.8Ca0.2)0.4Bi0.6FeO3nanoparticles for energy storage application

“…15 In another hand, relaxor ferroelectrics behave efficient because of their low P r value that is why they are frequently requested as an ideal ceramic for energy-storage applications. 16,17…”