Structural long-period gratings in photonic crystal fibers

Kakarantzas, G.; Birks, T. A.; Russell, P. St. J.

doi:10.1364/ol.27.001013

Cited by 175 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…12,86,87 In contrast, CO 2 laser irradiation is a highly efficient, low cost technique for writing a LPFG in a pure-silica PCF without photosensitivity. 20,24,25,27 Kakarantzas et al 20,88 reported, as shown in Fig. 5, the first example of structural LPFGs written in pure-silica solidcore PCFs.…”

Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The resulting periodic hole-size perturbation produces core-tocladding-mode conversion, thus creating a novel LPFG in the PCF. 20 This technique, combining with periodic mechanical twisting, can be used to fabricate a rocking filter in a polarization-maintaining ͑PM͒ PCF. 88 As shown in Fig.…”

Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5-15 Since Hill et al 1 and Vengsarkar et al 5 wrote the first FBG and LPFG in conventional glass fibers in 1978 and 1996, respectively, the fabrications and applications of in-fiber gratings have achieved rapid developments. Various fabrication methods, such as ultraviolet ͑UV͒ laser exposure, 5-15 CO 2 laser irradiation, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] electricarc discharge, [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] femtosecond laser exposure, [38][39][40][41][42][43] mechanical microbends, [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] etched corrugations, [52][53][54][55][56][57] and ion beam implantation, [58][59][60] have been demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers. Numerous LPFGbased devices have ...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with the UV-laser exposure technique, the CO 2 laser irradiation technique is much more flexible and low cost because no photosensitivity and any other pretreated process are re-quired to write a grating in the glass fibers. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Moreover, the CO 2 laser irradiation process can be controlled to generate complicated grating profiles via the well-known point-topoint technique without any expensive masks. This technique could be, hence, used to write LPFGs in almost all types of fibers including pure-silica photonic crystal fibers ͑PCFs͒.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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This paper presents a systematic review of long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) written by the CO2 laser irradiation technique. First, various fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser irradiations are demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers such as conventional glass fibers, solid-core photonic crystal fibers, and air-core photonic bandgap fibers. Second, possible mechanisms, e.g., residual stress relaxation, glass structure changes, and physical deformation, of refractive index modulations in the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are analyzed. Third, asymmetrical mode coupling, resulting from single-side laser irradiation, is discussed to understand unique optical properties of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs. Fourthly, several pretreament and post-treatment techniques are proposed to enhance the efficiency of grating fabrications. Fifthly, sensing applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based temperature, strain, bend, torsion, pressure, and biochemical sensors. Finally, communication applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based band-rejection filters, gain equalizers, polarizers, and couplers.

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Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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“…Photonic crystal fibre (PCF) might offer great potential in this regard since the waveguiding properties can be controlled simply by adjusting the air-hole geometry. Recently, it has been shown that LPGs can be produced in nonphotosensitive PCF by periodically collapsing the holes by heat treatment with a CO 2 laser [2] or by using an electric arc to modify the fibre structure [3]. In this paper we report the first experimental characterisation of the sensitivity of an electric arc-induced LPG in PCF to temperature, bending and strain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Temperature-insensitive long period grating sensors in photonic crystal fibre

Kalli²,

2004

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A Long Period Grating was fabricated in endlessly single mode photonic crystal fibre using a spatially-periodic electric arc discharge. The sensing characteristics of the grating were studied and it was found to possess an insensitivity to temperature, a bend sensitivity of 3.7 nm.m and a strain sensitivity of -2.0 pm/με.Introduction: Long period gratings (LPGs) consist of a large scale (hundred's of microns)

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Optical Refractive Index Sensors with Plasmonic and Photonic Structures: Promising and Inconvenient Truth

Bai

Zhou

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

348

193

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Optical sensors are widely used for refractive index measurement in chemical, biomedical and food processing industries. Due to specific field distribution of the resonances excited, optical sensors provide high sensitivity to ambient refractive index variations. The sensitivity of optical sensor is highly dependent on material and structure of the sensor. Here, we review six major categories of optical refractive index sensors using plasmonic and photonic structures: (i) metal-based propagating plasmonic eigenwave structures, (ii) metal-based localized plasmonic eigenmode structures, (iii) dielectric-based propagating photonic eigenwave structures, (iv) dielectric-based localized photonic eigenmode structures, (v) advanced hybrid structures, and (vi) 2D material integrated structures. Representative configurations working in the wavelength range of 400−2000 nm will be selected and compared in terms of bulk refractive index sensitivities, figure of merits and working wavelengths. A technology map is established in order to define the standard and development trend for optical refractive index sensors.

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Structural long-period gratings in photonic crystal fibers

Cited by 175 publications

References 10 publications

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Temperature-insensitive long period grating sensors in photonic crystal fibre

Optical Refractive Index Sensors with Plasmonic and Photonic Structures: Promising and Inconvenient Truth

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