“…The solution-based technique is often preferred nowadays and is used to produce the precursor layers for semiconductors, with complete material usage, less time, and less cost. 28 Mainly, the morphology and structural behavior of kesterites are influenced by the doping of elements. 39,40 After doping, the kesterite absorbers had more homogeneous, crystalline, compact, and enlarged grains.…”
Section: Solution Processing Approach For Doped Kesteritementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The CZTS compound becomes unstable at temperatures greater than 400 °C, forming binary (SnS 2 , SnS, Cu 2 S, and CuS) and ternary secondary phases (Cu 4 SnS 4 , Cu 3 SnS 4 , and Cu 2 SnS 3 ). These secondary phases can act as defects in kesterite and reduce the carrier concentration. ,, The similar chemical coordination as well as ionic size of Cu + and Zn 2+ ions can result in cation disordering defects, leading to very low formation energies for antisite defects. These can act as the recombination centers for the electron hole pairs and further affect the performance of CZTSSe devices …”
Section: Defects and Importance Of Doping In Kesterite
Solar Cellsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, adjusting the bandgap of CZTS by replacing Zn with Mg is claimed to be more advantageous. Magnesium ions (Mg 2+ ) instead of Zn 2+ placed in the lattice do not set apart on the surface and/or grain boundaries because the radii of Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ are very similar . When compared to Mg-free CZTS absorbers, structural defects were found to be less in magnesium (Mg)-substituted CZTS absorbers .…”
Section: Solution Processing Approach For Doped Kesteritementioning
confidence: 99%
“…If this band is very close to the valence or conduction band edge, then the bandgap will decrease. There are many articles reporting the reduction in bandgap value of CZTSSe while doping with other elements. , Even though there is no antibonding nature for the doped elements in the host, there will be a slight variation in the bandgap of the material. The bonding nature of the host and doped elements discloses the stability of the material .…”
Section: Defects and Importance Of Doping In Kesterite
Solar Cellsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although both physical and chemical synthesis methods are explored, the chemical solution-based approach is proven to be advantageous in terms of the uniformity of the films produced, complete material utilization, and cost-effectiveness. 28 Recently, there have been many interesting research developments published on the doping of kesterites with a solution-based approach that exhibits good performance improvements. Hence, it is appropriate now to give an update that is specifically focused on solutionprocessed doping in kesterites.…”
Thin-film solar cells based on kesterite solar absorbers have all the potential to play a major role in photovoltaics, but their efficiency needs to be improved further to meet the industry's requirements. Several attempts are made toward improving the absorber quality to surpass the current record efficiency of 13.6%. Doping with isoelectronic, alkali, and other elements has been shown to advance the device performance of thin-film kesterite solar cells as compared to the undoped references. This review gives a summary of such attempts with a focus on solution-processing techniques for extrinsic doping. The discussion on the importance of doping, the different doping elements explored, the merits as well as demerits of the solution-processed technique, and the future prospects is included.
“…The solution-based technique is often preferred nowadays and is used to produce the precursor layers for semiconductors, with complete material usage, less time, and less cost. 28 Mainly, the morphology and structural behavior of kesterites are influenced by the doping of elements. 39,40 After doping, the kesterite absorbers had more homogeneous, crystalline, compact, and enlarged grains.…”
Section: Solution Processing Approach For Doped Kesteritementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The CZTS compound becomes unstable at temperatures greater than 400 °C, forming binary (SnS 2 , SnS, Cu 2 S, and CuS) and ternary secondary phases (Cu 4 SnS 4 , Cu 3 SnS 4 , and Cu 2 SnS 3 ). These secondary phases can act as defects in kesterite and reduce the carrier concentration. ,, The similar chemical coordination as well as ionic size of Cu + and Zn 2+ ions can result in cation disordering defects, leading to very low formation energies for antisite defects. These can act as the recombination centers for the electron hole pairs and further affect the performance of CZTSSe devices …”
Section: Defects and Importance Of Doping In Kesterite
Solar Cellsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, adjusting the bandgap of CZTS by replacing Zn with Mg is claimed to be more advantageous. Magnesium ions (Mg 2+ ) instead of Zn 2+ placed in the lattice do not set apart on the surface and/or grain boundaries because the radii of Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ are very similar . When compared to Mg-free CZTS absorbers, structural defects were found to be less in magnesium (Mg)-substituted CZTS absorbers .…”
Section: Solution Processing Approach For Doped Kesteritementioning
confidence: 99%
“…If this band is very close to the valence or conduction band edge, then the bandgap will decrease. There are many articles reporting the reduction in bandgap value of CZTSSe while doping with other elements. , Even though there is no antibonding nature for the doped elements in the host, there will be a slight variation in the bandgap of the material. The bonding nature of the host and doped elements discloses the stability of the material .…”
Section: Defects and Importance Of Doping In Kesterite
Solar Cellsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although both physical and chemical synthesis methods are explored, the chemical solution-based approach is proven to be advantageous in terms of the uniformity of the films produced, complete material utilization, and cost-effectiveness. 28 Recently, there have been many interesting research developments published on the doping of kesterites with a solution-based approach that exhibits good performance improvements. Hence, it is appropriate now to give an update that is specifically focused on solutionprocessed doping in kesterites.…”
Thin-film solar cells based on kesterite solar absorbers have all the potential to play a major role in photovoltaics, but their efficiency needs to be improved further to meet the industry's requirements. Several attempts are made toward improving the absorber quality to surpass the current record efficiency of 13.6%. Doping with isoelectronic, alkali, and other elements has been shown to advance the device performance of thin-film kesterite solar cells as compared to the undoped references. This review gives a summary of such attempts with a focus on solution-processing techniques for extrinsic doping. The discussion on the importance of doping, the different doping elements explored, the merits as well as demerits of the solution-processed technique, and the future prospects is included.
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