Structural expressions of rifting: lessons from Lake Tanganyika, Africa

Abstract

Summary The fundamental building blocks of Lake Tanganyika are half-graben that tend to be arcuate or crescent-shaped in plan view. When combined with the asymmetric subsidence of the half-graben, this geometry creates horizontal components of motion which are expressed as shearing and rotation along the ends of the units. The key to understanding rift-basin morphology is recognizing the various ways in which these fundamental units can be linked together in time and space. Although many modes of linking occur, the basic theme is one of alternating half-graben polarities along the strike of the rift. Where adjacent half-graben face in opposite directions and do not overlap with each other, they are usually separated by interbasinal ridges trending oblique to the rift axis. In cases where facing half-graben overlap, the apparent morphology can be that of a full-graben with a central high or a half-graben abutting a structural platform, depending upon the orientation of the observation line relative to the overlap geometry. Mechanically, such full-graben should be viewed as opposing half-graben which hinge away from the central high. Examination of the linking models in Tanganyika has enabled us to derive an empirical model of rifting. The model is extremely useful in understanding the stratigraphy of Tanganyika, and it seems to explain many of the styles and patterns of deposition which are peculiar to rift basins. If the model has general applicability to continental rifts, it can also be useful to those who deal with the mechanics of rifting and the deep structure of passive margins.

The time scales of continental rifting: Implications for global processes

“…From inception, rift zones show regular along-axis structural segmentation into basins bounded on one or both sides by large offset border faults, with sedimentary strata recording individual horizontal and vertical movements (e.g., Bosworth, 1985;Rosendahl et al, 1986;Lambiase, 1990;Scholz et al, 1990). The border faults have the largest dimensions of the fault populations, and they are fl anked by broad uplifts that may rise 3 km above the surrounding regional elevations (e.g., Fig.…”

Extensional fault kinematics within the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Soft‐linked segmentation of a continental rift system

“…The geometry and evolution of continental extensional fault systems have been the focus of much recent research (Rosendahl et al 1986;Coward et al 1987;Morley et al 1990;Roberts et al 1991;McClay & White 1995). Extensional systems and models are described according to their along-strike continuity, changes in tilt block directions (half-graben asymmetries) and depocentre locations, character of border faults and intra-rift faults, fault segmentation, and transfer of displacement between adjacent structures within the fault systems.…”

Tectonic and geomorphic controls on the fluvial styles of the Eslida Formation, Middle Triassic, Eastern Spain

“…The juvenile rifts usually show a prevalence of half-graben geometries as in the classic Tanganyka and Malawi Rifts described by Rosendahl et al (1986). The Eslida Fm was deposited during the third and last syn-rift extensional period.…”