Structural Effects of Sulfated-Glycoproteins from Stichopus japonicus on the Nitric Oxide Secretion Ability of RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

The effect of various levels of proteins, sulfates, and molecular weight (Mw) of a sulfated-glycoprotein (NF3) from a sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus, on nitric oxide (NO) releasing capacity from RAW 264.7 cells was investigated. The NF3 derivatives had various amounts of proteins (4.8~11.2%) and sulfates (6.8~25.2%) as well as different Mw (640.3×103~109.2×103 g/mol). NF3 was able to stimulate RAW 264.7 cells to release NO with lower protein contents, indicating that the protein moiety was not an important factor to stimulate macrophages. On the other hand, the NO inducing capacity was significantly reduced with decreased levels of sulfates and Mw, implying that sulfates and Mw played a pivotal role in activating RAW 264.7 cells. It was not clear why sulfates and a certain range of Mw were essential for stimulating macrophages. It appeared that certain levels of sulfates and Mw of sulfated-glycoproteins were required to bind to the surface receptors on RAW 264.7 cells.

Characterization and Evaluation of the Pro-Coagulant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Bletilla striata

“…This fact explains why BSP-2 exhibits the best pinocytic capacity among the BSP fractions tested. NO production was also evaluated because NO is an important signal transduction medium in the immune system . As shown in Figure C, BSP-1 (25–800 μg/mL), BSP-2 (25–800 μg/mL), and BSP-4 (50–800 μg/mL) significantly increased the amount of NO production ( p < 0.05) compared with the blank control.…”

“…NO production was also evaluated because NO is an important signal transduction medium in the immune system. 68 As shown in Figure 7C, BSP-1 (25−800 μg/ mL), BSP-2 (25−800 μg/mL), and BSP-4 (50−800 μg/mL) significantly increased the amount of NO production (p < 0.05) compared with the blank control. The BSP-3 group had no enhancing effect on NO production (p > 0.05).…”

Immuno-enhancement effect of polysaccharide extracted from Stichopus japonicus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice

“…The polysaccharide of S. japonicus (SJP) was isolated as the method of Cao et al [12]. After 20 g milled sample of S. japonicus was suspended in 200 ml 99% ethanol (EtOH) at 70°C for 2 h, the residue was dissolved in distilled water extracted twice at 80°C for 2 h. The extract solution was concentrated and EtOH was added to precipitate the polysaccharide.…”

Different Macrophage Type Triggering as Target of the Action of Biologically Active Substances from Marine Invertebrates

“…In these studies, the main backbone of highly stimulating markers expression F3 fraction ( 59) was (1→3)-α-l-linked fucosyl residue with sulfation at C-2 and/or C-4 (Figure 19). Earlier, a pivotal role of sulfates and M. w. of compounds in activating RAW 264.7 cells was established [145]. In addition, the immunostimulating effects of glycosaminoglycan (AHG) (compound 60) from Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) (Synallactida) (Figure 20) in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression was studied with using a broad set of markers of mice macrophage activation [146].…”

“…In these studies, the main backbone of highly stimulating markers expression F 3 fraction ( 59) was (1→3)-α-l-linked fucosyl residue with sulfation at C-2 and/or C-4 (Figure 19). Earlier, a pivotal role of sulfates and M. w. of compounds in activating RAW 264.7 cells was established [145]. A number of studies concerned the bioactivity of sulfated fucans of sea cucumbers.…”