“…Subsequently, addressing inherent design aws, various studies have adopted combined metallic liner con gurations, including column-cone designs [8] investigated by Wang Pei et al, spherical-cone con gurations [9] researched by Chen Xing et al, double-layer metallic liners [10] designed by Zhao Xin et al, and cylindrical and hemispherical combined con gurations [11] studied by Wang Qinghua et al, all leveraging different liner shapes to enhance jet penetration e ciency. In recent years, Shengjie Sun, Jianwei Jiang, et al, utilizing Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations, optimized the inner surface design of novel liners, discovering that this structure can reduce jet fragmentation and improve overall jet stability [12] . Cheng Wang, Jianxu Ding, et al, employed methods such as adding liners to enhance jet breakthrough capabilities and improve jet expansion bene ts [13] .…”