Structural Dependence on Sintering Temperature of Lead Zirconate‐Titanate Solid Solutions

Abstract

Pb(Zr0.525Ti0.475)O3 piezoceramics, both unmodified and doped with 2 wt% Bi2O3 or Nb2O5, were prepared by the usual techniques, using sintering temperatures from 900° to 1250°C. The microstructural data showed that the sintering temperature which produces minimum porosity is altered by the oxide additions. X‐ray diffraction demonstrated the coexistence of both ferroelectric phases. The lattice parameter measurements showed that the tetragonal and rhombohedra1 unit cells of the two ferroelectric phases depend on the sintering temperature.

Effects of complex doping on microstructural and electrical properties of PZT ceramics

“…The average grain sizes for the samples of 1.0La-1.2Nb and 1.4La-1.7Nb are observed to ∼0.9 and ∼0.6 μm, respectively, and no further reduction in grain size was found for the composition of 1.8La-2.2Nb. In general, it is well known that an addition of dopants caused an inhibition of grain growth [8,9,14,22]. In the case of undoped PZT, the sintering kinetics can be described by lattice diffusion of vacancies from pores to grain boundaries, and the Nb doping reduces the diffusion coefficient: the vacancies as created by this doping are supposed to be bound to the impurity ion (e.g., Nb +5 ), so that they inhibit the mass transport [9,22].…”

“…Both A +2 and B +4 site ions can be substituted with different dopants. Higher valence dopants like La +3 [3][4][5][6] and Nb +5 [3,[7][8][9] contribute electrons, being thus a donor, substitute the A and B site, respectively, and may create A vacancies [2,6,7], while lower valence ones like Na + [2,10] and Fe +3 [10][11][12], acting as an acceptor, could enter the A and B site, respectively, and create some O vacancies [2,12].…”

Effect of sintering parameters on the microstructure and properties of strontium modified PZT ceramics prepared using spray-dried powders

“…The properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics have been found to be considerably influenced by the variation in their microstructure particularly grain size and porosity which are dependent on the initial powder characteristics and processing parameters [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, most of the earlier studies have been carried out using powders prepared by the ""dry" mixing technique of ball milling the constituent solid oxides by which it is difficult to provide adequate control on the powder characteristics and consequently on the microstructure and properties of the finished ceramics.…”

Effects of B-Site Donor and Acceptor Doping in Pb-Free (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 Ceramics

“…These cation vacancies exist along grain boundaries rather than inside grains, which is thermodynamically more stable. Grain boundaries would be pinned by these defects, inhibiting grain growth and resulting in relatively small grains in the case of donor doping (Yi et al, 2002;Lewis et al, 1985;Lucuta et al, 1985). Mn acceptor doping, on the other hand, induces oxygen vacancies instead of A-site vacancies required to maintain charge neutrality in the lattice.…”