Structural Controls on Crustal Fluid Redistribution and Hydrothermal Gold Deposits: A Review on the Suction Pump and Fault Valve Models

Kwak, Yujung; Park, Seung-Ik; Park, Changyun

doi:10.9719/eeg.2022.55.2.183

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…fault traces, fold axes, favourable lithological units) to delineate structurally prospective areas as a proxy for traps and pathway fluids. These pathway fluids are genetically linked to ore formation (Cox 2010; Ford and McCuaig 2010; Bark and Weihed 2012; Kreuzer et al 2019; Zhang and Zhou 2015; Santos et al 2017; Ford 2020; Montsion et al 2021; Combes et al 2022; Kwak et al 2022). The structural evolution of the Nyong Complex greenstones belt within the margin of the Congo craton in Cameroon is still poorly documented for it was strongly deformed and reworked during collision between the Congo-São Francisco and the West African cratons associated with Eburnean/Trans Amazonian orogeny (Owona et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping geological configuration using geophysics data: an investigative approach in targeting iron ore, gold mineralization and other commodities, a case study of Toko-Nlokeng area (Nyong Greenstone Belt, SW Cameroon)

Aboula

Ondoa

Ndjigui

2023

Applied Earth Science

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Regional geophysical data are important for detecting the presence of mineral deposits under cover. This study used geophysical data coupled with field geology of the Toko-Nlokeng area, Cameroon, to locate and map structures and lithologies as part of an exploration campaign for mineral deposits. The airborne geophysical survey in the Toko-Nlokeng area located in the Nyong complex revealed a predominantly EW striking highly folded series result of polyphase deformation of iron formations and host rocks divided into domains based on magnetic and radiometric character. The geophysical data indicate that major faults and shear zones strike NE-SW, with N-S striking units on the western margin and mainly E-W striking units in the rest of the area. These data suggest a major N-S thrust fault similar to the Borborema Province (NE Brazil) terrane marked by accretionary processes during the assembly of Western Gondwana. Several significant NE-SW striking shear zones are present. The data revealed many moderate to highly magnetic bodies that are interpreted as magnetite-bearing iron formation, mafic-ultramafic intrusions and flows, skarns, carbonatites and kimberlites. The magnetic and radiometric trends reveal the internal regional rock fabric and strike, and iron ore targets with magnetic anomaly up to 27,000 nT related to iron formations and other significant targets for gold, potassium (alteration) and uranium. The Toko-Nlokeng iron deposit is comprised of magnetite-bearing quartzite beds and is concordant with the surrounding host rocks and stands as one of a broad group of magnetite-dominated iron formations that occur throughout West and Central Africa. A new geological map was produced from mapped lithologies and microstructure characteristics of the iron formations, interpretations of the aeromagnetic data and structural features. The study results have important implications for regional exploration programs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping geological configuration using geophysics data: an investigative approach in targeting iron ore, gold mineralization and other commodities, a case study of Toko-Nlokeng area (Nyong Greenstone Belt, SW Cameroon)

Aboula

Ondoa

Ndjigui

2023

Applied Earth Science

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“…They can be of economic significance because they frequently serve to concentrate ore deposits. Porphyry copper, Volcanic Massive Sulfide (VMS), Iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), skarn, hydrothermal and epithermal deposits are controlled by specific structural/lithological settings (e.g., [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]). Accordingly, the geological and geophysical (e.g., [8]) of a variety of ore deposits depends strongly on the analysis of geological structures at the regional and district scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Analysis and Paleostress Evolution in the Imiter Silver Mining Region, Eastern Anti Atlas, Morocco: Implications for Mineral Exploration

et al. 2022

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Development and concentration of many ore deposits at the regional and district scales closely depend on structural geology, especially in polydeformed basements. The superposition of many deformation periods highlights the complexity of the structural context and expected potential location of mineralization zones. The formation and concentration of hydrothermal ore deposits is highly dependent on structural controls. On the NE flank of the Saghro massif (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco), the Imiter silver mining region has been affected by multiple tectonic events since the Precambrian and throughout the Phanerozoic. In this investigation, a structural analysis of the different geological units revealed multi-stage deformation, beginning with the late Pan-African-Cadomian event, and ending with the last Cenozoic exhumation of the area. At least eight tectonic regimes have been identified. The Imiter basement, formed by the Cryogenian-early Ediacaran “flysch-like” Saghro Group, has been folded in low-grade metamorphic conditions, followed by an ENE-WSW brittle compressive event. These deformations occurred before to the early Ediacaran during the compressional and/or transpressional late Pan-African-Cadomian events (600–580 Ma). The unconformably overlaying deposition of the late Ediacaran Ouarzazate Group takes place in a WNW-ESE extensional setting and then involved in a NNW-SSE compressional event that occurred concurrently with a regional exhumation and erosion stages. A similar extensional event appears to have controlled the middle Cambrian sedimentation, the oldest Paleozoic deposits in this area. During the late Carboniferous, Variscan shortening was recorded by NW-SE transpressional deformation responsible for combined dextral strike-slip and southward thrusts. The Imiter silver mining region is part of the Moroccan Sub-Meseta Zone along with Paleozoic inliers of the Skoura and Tamlelt on the southern side of the High Atlas. The Mesozoic evolution began with the Late Triassic NNW-SSW transtensional tectonic regime with a northeast trending CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province) dyke during the Pangea breakup. Ultimately, the Imiter silver mining region experienced NNW-SSE Atlasic shortening during the uplift of the adjacent High Atlas. Over time, the direction of implemented tectonic stress and its effect on various geological units can elucidate the relationship between tectonism and hydrothermal silver mineralization in the Imiter region. In conclusion, structural analysis and investigation of paleostress development can be one of the most important factors for successful exploration plan and resource recovery in the Imiter region. An analysis of geological structures in determining feasible mineralization zones is crucial for future safe mining operation in the study area and can be extrapolated to other ore mining regions.

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Remote sensing for mineral exploration

Pour

Ranjbar

Sekandari

et al. 2023

Geospatial Analysis Applied to Mineral Exploration

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Structural Controls on Crustal Fluid Redistribution and Hydrothermal Gold Deposits: A Review on the Suction Pump and Fault Valve Models

Cited by 4 publications

References 63 publications

Mapping geological configuration using geophysics data: an investigative approach in targeting iron ore, gold mineralization and other commodities, a case study of Toko-Nlokeng area (Nyong Greenstone Belt, SW Cameroon)

Mapping geological configuration using geophysics data: an investigative approach in targeting iron ore, gold mineralization and other commodities, a case study of Toko-Nlokeng area (Nyong Greenstone Belt, SW Cameroon)

Structural Analysis and Paleostress Evolution in the Imiter Silver Mining Region, Eastern Anti Atlas, Morocco: Implications for Mineral Exploration

Remote sensing for mineral exploration

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