Structural chemistry of vanadium oxides with open frameworks

Abstract

The present work is dedicated to a crystal-chemical and topographical analysis of vanadium oxides with open structures. The review covers, apart from a few exceptions, only pure vanadium oxide structures with vanadium in oxidation states greater than +3. Purely tetrahedral frameworks are not discussed because of their traditional, well known crystal chemistry and only a few examples of cluster compounds are provided. Structural classi®cation and notation of vanadium oxide frameworks are proposed based on the following scheme: polyhedra 3 chain 3 layer 3 three-dimensional framework. Thus, approximately 60 types of vanadium oxide frameworks are divided into ®ve classes by type of coordination polyhedra present and into 14 subclasses by a more complex structural formation. Details are also given of the analysis of vanadium± oxygen coordination polyhedra and their metamorphosis: tetrahedron±trigonal bipyramid±square pyramid±octahedron, as well as the combinatorial deduction of possible structures for the most common framework types.

All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Microbatteries: A Review of Various Three‐Dimensional Concepts

“…[ 70 ] Except for these layered geometries, many other crystal structures have been described, which can, for example, be found in the extensive review by Zavalij and Whittingham. [ 77 ] Various methods have been described for the preparation of vanadium oxides and many thin fi lm deposition techniques have proven to be successful for the deposition of vanadium oxide thin fi lms. V 2 O 5 fi lms were, for example, deposited by solgel methods, [ 78 , 79 ] RF sputter deposition, [ 80 ] pulsed laser deposition, [ 81 , 82 ] chemical vapor deposition [ 83 ] and atomic layer deposition.…”

Poly[octakis(1H-imidazole-κN3)octa-μ-oxido-tetraoxidodicopper(II)tetravanadate(V)]

“…Following this approach, numerous hybrid metal vanadium oxide framework structures involving edge-and corner-sharing VO 4 tetrahedra, VO 5 square-pyramids, or VO 6 octahedra and incorporating organic species such as diammonium cations have been successfully synthesized (Hagrman et al, 2001). Among the solid state polyhedra of vanadium oxide structures, the tetrahedral linking unit VO 4 is commonly observed (Zavalij & Whittingham, 1999). Recently, we have used the aromatic diamine planar geometry of imidazole and hydrothermal method to synthesize a new series of hybrid inorganic-organic metal vanadium oxide compounds with a general formula [M(imidazole) 4 V 2 O 6 ] n (M = Mn, Co, Ni) (Chainok et al, 2011).…”

“…For background to inorganic-organic hybrids involving vanadium oxides, see: Cheetham et al (1999); Hagrman et al (2001); Natarajan & Mandal (2008); Zavalij & Whittingham (1999). For related structures, see : Chainok et al (2011).…”

Microwave-assisted wet chemical synthesis: advantages, significance, and steps to industrialization

“…The extensive research and development on new insertion materials can be recognized from Whittinghan's Work. His investigation has covered a diverse group of layered and intercalated compounds including titanium disulfide 9,10 , lithium cobalt oxide 11 , tetramethylammonium intercalated vanadium oxides 12 , layered-structure manganese dioxides 13 and vanadium-pillared manganese oxide structures 14 . More recently, the group is investigating vanadium oxide nanotubes, which is considered to have significant advantages due to its distinct electrical contact regions and electrolyte-filled channels 15 .…”