Structural characterization of fulvic acids and their impact in the agricultural area of Palakkad, Kerala, India

Abstract

We consider a star-network of n = n0 + np spin-1 2 particles, where interaction between n0 central spins and np peripheral spins are of the XYZ-type. In the limit n0/np ≪ 1, we show that for odd n, the ground state is doubly degenerate, while for even n, the energy gap becomes negligible when n is large, inducing an effective double degeneracy. In the same limit, we show that for vanishing xy-anisotropy γ, bipartite entanglement on the peripheral spins computed using either a partial trace-based, or a measurement-based approach exhibits a logarithmic growth with np, where the sizes of the partitions are typically ∼ np/2. This feature disappears for γ ̸ = 0, which we refer to as the anisotropy effect. Interestingly, when the system is taken out of equilibrium by the introduction of a magnetic field of constant strength on all spins, the time-averaged bipartite entanglement on the periphery at the long-time limit exhibits a logarithmic growth with np irrespective of the value of γ. We further study the n0/np ≫ 1 and n0/np → 1 limits of the model, and show that the behaviour of bipartite peripheral entanglement is qualitatively different from that of the n0/np ≪ 1 limit.

Toxic metals in soil depths from selected abandoned sites: Occurrence, sources, ecological and human health risk

“…The concentration profile of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe ranged from 0.02 (Zn) to 16600 mg kg -1 (Fe), and the mean concentrations ranged from 0.81 ± 0.32 mg kg -1 (Pb) to 8889 ± 4110 mg kg -1 (Fe). The coefficients of variation are greater than 1, and the median values are less sensitive to the skewness, suggesting a complex origin of metals in the abandoned land-use sites [32,33]. The concentration of metals show considerable values between sample sites and varied significantly (p < 0.05).…”

Innovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic Application

“…For environmental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy has been utilized in several studies for environmental analysis. Krishnan et al used FTIR to investigate and characterize fulvic acids (FAs) and their impact in the agricultural area of Palakkad, Kerala, India . They found that the variability of heavy metals in soils was controlled by the structural combination features of FAs and soil physicochemical properties.…”

“…Krishnan et al used FTIR to investigate and characterize fulvic acids (FAs) and their impact in the agricultural area of Palakkad, Kerala, India. 48 They found that the variability of heavy metals in soils was controlled by the structural combination features of FAs and soil physicochemical properties. Furthermore, their method also characterized the aliphatic moieties of FAs extracted from the soil.…”