Structural characterization and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus and Phellinus igniarius on the IL-6/IL-10 cytokine balance of the mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7)

Abstract

Phellinus linteus and igniarius (L.) Quel. have been used in traditional Asian medicine for over two centuries against a variety of diseases. Polysaccharides from their fruiting bodies show strong immunomodulatory activity. In this study we characterized the structure and composition of polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus and Phellinus igniarius by HPLC, GC-MS and NMR (1-H, 13-C, COSY, NOESY and TOCSY). The polysaccharides from P. linteus and P. igniarius mainly contained glucose with minor proportions of mannose, galactose, xylose, arabinose and rhamnose. Methylation analyses showed that the glycosidic linkages were mostly 1 → 3, 1 → 6 or 1 → 3,6. The two-dimensional COSY, NOESY and TOCSY confirmed that these polysaccharides have a main chain of →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ with →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ side chain. In vitro assays by RT-PCR and ELISA showed that (1 → 3; 1 → 6)-β-D-polysaccharides from P. linteus and P. igniarius decreased TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting an immuno-suppressive activity. Furthermore, these polysaccharides stimulated a high IL-10 response and induced strong suppression of transcription of IL-6. The results suggest that polysaccharides from P. linteus and P. igniarius could possibly find applications in restoring the IL-6/IL-10 balance, the disturbance of which is thought to be related to chronic inflammatory disease, obesity, diabetes type 2, and to mania and depression.

Structural and Immunological Activity Characterization of a Polysaccharide Isolated from Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus

“…Nevertheless, polysaccharides with β-(1→3) and β-(1→6) glycosyl linkages from mushrooms have relatively been deeply studied. Besides, it is known that polysaccharides with β-(1→3) linkages in the main chain and additional β-(1→6) branch points seemed to be necessary for the activity of immunomodulation [ 28 , 29 ]. Thus, considering its structural similarity, MMPX-B2 might possess a similar immuno-regulating function.…”

“…TNF-α is especially produced by activated macrophages and is involved in systemic inflammation. It is often induced together with IL-6, which plays a major regulatory role in acute local and systemic inflammatory responses [ 28 ]. IL-1β is also produced by activated macrophages as a pro-protein and involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [ 32 ].…”

Immunomodulatory mechanism of α-d-(1→6)-glucan isolated from banana

“…35 A balanced ratio of IL-6 to IL-10 decreases the risk of chronic inammation. 36 Previous study has indicated that IL-10 is induced to suppress the overactivation of RAW264.7 cells, thus avoiding potential occurrence of severe inammation. 35 Our results demonstrated that considerable expression of IL-10 was induced by a-D-(1/6)glucan treatment.…”

Phellinus linteus Mycelium Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Autophagic Regulation

“…Teng, Hymenochaetaceae (PL), a well-established medicinal mushroom, has been used in Asian countries for centuries to prevent or treat ailments as diverse as hemorrhage, rheumatoid arthritis, gastroenteric dysfunction, diarrhea, and cancers. A number of studies have revealed that PL alleviates septic shock and has antitumor (Kim et al, 2003; Zhu et al, 2007; Park et al, 2010; Konno et al, 2015), immunomodulatory (Song and Park, 2014;Lin et al, 2015; Suabjakyong et al, 2015), anti-angiogenic (Sliva et al, 2008; Lee et al, 2010), and antioxidant properties (Lee et al, 2011, 2015). Moreover, in rats intraperitoneally administered filtrate of PL broth culture, dose-dependent decreases in cortical infarct volume have been demonstrated following permanent focal cerebral ischemia (Suzuki et al, 2011).…”