Structural characteristics of anabolic androgenic steroids contributing to binding to the androgen receptor and to their anabolic and androgenic activities

Fragkaki, A.G.; Angelis, Yiannis S.; Koupparis, Michael A.; Tsantili‐Kakoulidou, Anna; Kokotos, George; Georgakopoulos, Costas

doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.016

Cited by 110 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone originally designed for therapeutic uses to provide enhanced anabolic potency with negligible androgenic effect [1,2]. These substances promote the growth of skeletal muscle and the development of male sexual characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated and sensitive determination of four anabolic androgenic steroids in urine by online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: A novel approach for clinical monitoring and doping control

Guo

Shao²,

Liu

et al. 2014

Talanta

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated and sensitive determination of four anabolic androgenic steroids in urine by online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: A novel approach for clinical monitoring and doping control

Guo

Shao²,

Liu

et al. 2014

Talanta

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“…Designer steroids can be simply modified analogues of known anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). [51] They have been synthesized for the purpose of performance enhancement and detection escape. Moreover, detection of unknown designer steroids is difficult in biological samples either using specific analysis or mass spectral library search, as both approaches would require establishing the analytical characteristics with suitable reference materials.…”

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Of major concern in horseracing is the absence of a single organization regulating the anti-doping framework; instead of this, individual racing authorities provide rules and regulations often resulting in variations in the applied doping control programmes of different countries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature (approximately from 2012 to mid-2016) to highlight the numerous and diverse challenges faced in doping control of racing and equestrian sports, including the detection of designer drugs (anabolic steroids or stimulants) and of other emerging prohibited substances, such as peptides and noble gases in horse urine and plasma. Moreover, the application of 'omics' techniques (especially of metabolomics) deserves attention for establishing possible fingerprints of drug abuse as well as the evolution of instrumental analysis resulting a powerful ally in the fight against doping in equine sports.

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“…For example, 7D-hydroxymethyltestosterone (2) shows antagonist properties on androgen receptors [22]. These properties may be significantly improved by substituting the 7-OH group with small steric groups [23].…”

Section: -4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotransformation of methyltestosterone by the filamentous fungus Mucor racemosus

et al. 2011

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Fungi have proved to be powerful biocatalysts in steroid biotransformations. In the present study, the soil isolate filamentous fungus Mucor racemosus was applied for bioconversion of methyltestosterone (1), an anabolic steroid, in a five-day fermentation. Microbial metabolites were purified chromatographically and identified on the basis of their spectral data as 7D-hydroxymethyltestosterone (2), 15D-hydroxymethyltestosterone (3), and 12, 15D-dihydroxymethyltestosterone (4). Observed modifications were hydroxylations at C-7D, C-12, and 15D-positions. Best fermentation condition for production of hydroxylated derivatives was found to be 25qC at 150 rpm for 5 days with a substrate concentration of 1 mg/mL.

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Structural characteristics of anabolic androgenic steroids contributing to binding to the androgen receptor and to their anabolic and androgenic activities

Cited by 110 publications

References 142 publications

Automated and sensitive determination of four anabolic androgenic steroids in urine by online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: A novel approach for clinical monitoring and doping control

Automated and sensitive determination of four anabolic androgenic steroids in urine by online turbulent flow solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: A novel approach for clinical monitoring and doping control

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Biotransformation of methyltestosterone by the filamentous fungus Mucor racemosus

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