Structural Characterisation of Kraft Pulp Fibres and Their Nanofibrillated Materials for Biodegradable Composite Applications

Chinga-Carrasco, Gary; Miettinen, Arttu; Hendriks, Cris L. Luengo; Gamstedt, E. Kristofer; Kataja, M.

doi:10.5772/21580

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), also referred to as cellulose nanofibres or nanofibrillated cellulose, are usually obtained from wood, cotton, hemp, flax, sugar beet or potato tuber. Depending on the source and on the production method, the size of the fibrils can vary significantly, but usually nanofibrils are defined as materials with diameters inferior to 100 nm and lengths in the micrometer scale (TAPPI standard proposal WI3021, Chinga-Carrasco et al 2011. CNF are produced by intensive mechanical treatment, such as in a high-pressure homogenizer (Li et al 2012, Osong et al 2016Siró et al 2010), usually combined with a chemical or enzymatic pre-treatment to reduce energy consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibrils in a co-culture of human lung epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages

et al. 2018

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Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are manufactured nanofibres that hold impressive expectations in forest, food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. CNF production and applications are leading to an increased human exposure and thereby it is of utmost importance to assess its safety to health. In this study, we screened the cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects of a CNF produced by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of an industrial bleached Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp on a co-culture of lung epithelial alveolar (A549) cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1 cells). The results indicated that low CNF concentrations can stimulate A549 cells proliferation, whereas higher concentrations are moderately toxic. Moreover, no proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β was detected in the co-culture medium suggesting no immunotoxicity. Although CNF treatment did not induce sizable levels of DNA damage in A549 cells, it leaded to micronuclei formation at 1.5 and 3 μg/cm. These findings suggest that this type of CNF is genotoxic through aneugenic or clastogenic mechanisms. Noteworthy, cell overgrowth and genotoxicity, which are events relevant for cell malignant transformation, were observed at low CNF concentration levels, which are more realistic and relevant for human exposure, e.g., in occupational settings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibrils in a co-culture of human lung epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages

et al. 2018

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“…Although a combination of microscopic techniques with image analysis can provide information on nanocellulose fibril widths, it is more difficult to determine nanocellulose fibril lengths because of entanglements and difficulties in identifying both ends of individual nanofibrils [15,16].…”

Section: Dimensions and Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose

2014

Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives in the Food Industry

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“…4a, a relatively large agglomerate of fibres is observed. Such fibre agglomerates have been demonstrated to be weak points in fibre-reinforced composites and may cause failure and crack propagation during tensile testing (Chinga-Carrasco et al, 2011).…”

Section: Three-dimensional Visualization Of Pla-fibre Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method for estimating the fibre length in fibre‐PLA composites

Chinga-Carrasco

Solheim

Lenes

et al. 2013

Journal of Microscopy

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SummaryWood pulp fibres are an important component of environmentally sound and renewable fibre-reinforced composite materials. The high aspect ratio of pulp fibres is an essential property with respect to the mechanical properties a given composite material can achieve. The length of pulp fibres is affected by composite processing operations. This thus emphasizes the importance of assessing the pulp fibre length and how this may be affected by a given process for manufacturing composites. In this work a new method for measuring the length distribution of fibres and fibre fragments has been developed. The method is based on; (i) dissolving the composites, (ii) preparing the fibres for image acquisition and (iii) image analysis of the resulting fibre structures. The image analysis part is relatively simple to implement and is based on images acquired with a desktop scanner and a new ImageJ plugin. The quantification of fibre length has demonstrated the fibre shortening effect because of an extrusion process and subsequent injection moulding. Fibres with original lengths of >1 mm where shortened to fibre fragments with length of <200 µm. The shortening seems to be affected by the number of times the fibres have passed through the extruder, the amount of chain extender and the fraction of fibres in the polymer matrix.

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Structural Characterisation of Kraft Pulp Fibres and Their Nanofibrillated Materials for Biodegradable Composite Applications

Cited by 16 publications

References 42 publications

Evaluating the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibrils in a co-culture of human lung epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages

Evaluating the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibrils in a co-culture of human lung epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages

Nanocellulose

A method for estimating the fibre length in fibre‐PLA composites

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