Structural brain differences in patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder demonstrated by voxel?based morphometry

Kawasaki, Yasuhiro; Suzuki, Michio; Nohara, Shigeru; Hagino, Hirofumi; Takahashi, Tsutomu; Matsui, Mié; Yamashita, Iwao; Chitnis, Xavier; McGuire, Philip; Seto, Hikaru; Kurachi, Masayoshi

doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0522-1

Cited by 106 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…We found a large GM volume of the precuneus in patients with LOS compared with those with EOS and healthy subjects. The meaning of large precuneus GM volumes in patients with LOS is unknown, but we speculate that it may reflect a transient volume increase due to an active pathological process [42] or functional compensation for early disturbances that led to reductions in other brain regions [43]. Collectively, the evidence suggests that alterations in precuneus volume may be a characteristic of LOS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Different and Shared Brain Volume Abnormalities in Late- and Early-Onset Schizophrenia

Egashira

Matsuo²,

Mihara³

et al. 2014

Neuropsychobiology

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The differences in clinical characteristics between late- (LOS) and early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) are well documented. However, very little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these differences. Here, we compared morphometric abnormalities between patients with EOS and those with LOS. A total of 22 patients with LOS, 24 patients with EOS and 41 healthy control subjects were included in this magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain images were analyzed using DARTEL preprocessing for voxel-based morphometry in SPM8. We tested a main effect of diagnosis in the whole-brain analysis and compared the results among the three groups. We also carried out correlation analyses between regional volumes and clinical variables. Patients with LOS showed larger gray matter (GM) volume of the left precuneus compared with healthy subjects and patients with EOS. Patients with LOS and EOS showed decreased GM volumes in the right insula, left superior temporal gyrus and left orbitofrontal gyrus compared with healthy subjects. A longer duration of illness was associated with reduced GM volume in the temporal pole in patients with EOS. Our findings may help improve our understanding of schizophrenia pathophysiology and shed light on the different and shared neurobiological underpinnings of LOS and EOS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Different and Shared Brain Volume Abnormalities in Late- and Early-Onset Schizophrenia

Egashira

Matsuo²,

Mihara³

et al. 2014

Neuropsychobiology

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“…From a neuroanatomical perspective, reward circuitry structures including NAc, amygdala, and PFC have been reported to be abnormal in schizophrenia in neuropathological Bogerts et al, 1985;Lauer and Beckmann, 1997;Lauer et al, 2001;Selemon et al, 2002), in structural (Breier et al, 1992;Sigmundsson et al, 2001;Kawasaki et al, 2004), and in functional (see Table 2 for summary) neuroimaging studies.…”

Section: Key Factors Involved In the Normal Reward Function Are Impaimentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Intake and Reward Mechanisms in Patients with Schizophrenia: Implications for Metabolic Disturbances and Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotic Agents

Elman

Borsook

Lukas

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

133

142

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Obesity is highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia and is associated with detrimental health consequences. Although excessive consumption of fast food and pharmacotherapy with such second-generation antipsychotic agents (SGAs) as clozapine and olanzapine has been implicated in the schizophrenia/obesity comorbidity, the pathophysiology of this link remains unclear. Here, we propose a mechanism based on brain reward function, a relevant etiologic factor in both schizophrenia and overeating. A comprehensive literature search on neurobiology of schizophrenia and of eating behavior was performed. The collected articles were critically reviewed and relevant data were extracted and summarized within four key areas: (1) energy homeostasis, (2) food reward and hedonics, (3) reward function in schizophrenia, and (4) metabolic effects of the SGAs. A mesolimbic hyperdopaminergic state may render motivational/incentive reward system insensitive to low salience/palatability food. This, together with poor cognitive control from hypofunctional prefrontal cortex and enhanced hedonic impact of food, owing to exaggerated opioidergic drive (clinically manifested as pain insensitivity), may underlie unhealthy eating habits in patients with schizophrenia. Treatment with SGAs purportedly improves dopamine-mediated reward aspects, but at the cost of increased appetite and worsened or at least not improved opiodergic capacity. These effects can further deteriorate eating patterns. Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of these insights need further validation via prospective clinical trials and neuroimaging studies. INTRODUCTIONObesity has reached pandemic proportions and it is rapidly surpassing smoking as a number one killer in the industrialized world (Sturm, 2002;Skidmore and Yarnell, 2004). Its annual cost to the American society is staggering, and is estimated to be around $117 billion owing to related illnesses and loss of productivity (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2005).In schizophrenia, obesity is twice as prevalent as in the general public, afflicting over half this patient population (Allison et al, 1999a;Dixon et al, 2000; American Diabetes Association, 2004;Marder et al, 2004;Wirshing, 2004). Besides negative psychosocial impacts (distorted selfesteem and societal stigmatization) and medications noncompliance, schizophrenics appear to be particularly susceptible to the detrimental medical sequelae of obesity such as the 'Metabolic Syndrome', which is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, impaired, glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (McKee et al, 1986;Mukherjee et al, 1996;Brown et al, 2000;Haupt and Newcomer, 2002;Ryan and Thakore, 2002;Ryan et al, 2003;Holt et al, 2004;Kohen, 2004;Marder et al, 2004;Lieberman et al, 2005).Excessive body weight gain (BWG) could be attributed to a constellation of endocrine, molecular, genetic, demographic, and lifestyle-related factors. Provided that a common tra...

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“…This developmental change becomes clinically overt at the time of sexual maturation, and is associated with subsequent dysregulation of the neural system (Weinberger 1995). Morphological studies have demonstrated a reduction in the volume of the prefrontal cortex and the temporal lobes in schizophrenia (Kawasaki et al 2004;Suzuki et al 2005). These findings lead to the hypothesis that latent dysfunction of the temporal regions becomes overt by additional pathological changes in the frontal lobes, leading to manifestation of positive psychotic symptoms (Kurachi 2003a, b;Siever and Davis 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Long-term effects of neonatal MK-801 treatment on prepulse inhibition in young adult rats

Uehara

Sumiyoshi

et al. 2009

Psychopharmacology

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Structural brain differences in patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder demonstrated by voxel?based morphometry

Cited by 106 publications

References 46 publications

Different and Shared Brain Volume Abnormalities in Late- and Early-Onset Schizophrenia

Different and Shared Brain Volume Abnormalities in Late- and Early-Onset Schizophrenia

Food Intake and Reward Mechanisms in Patients with Schizophrenia: Implications for Metabolic Disturbances and Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotic Agents

Long-term effects of neonatal MK-801 treatment on prepulse inhibition in young adult rats

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