Structural brain differences between ultra-endurance athletes and sedentary persons

Paruk, T.; Rauch, Laurie; Jankiewicz, Marcin; Breda, Keelyn Van; Stein, Dan J.; King, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.004

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Moderate physical activity is considered a key element in enhancing well-being and preventing or delaying the development of pathological ailments, mainly due to their ability to normalize reactive species levels [17,96]. Additionally, it also promotes several positive structural changes, including pathological adaptations regarding the cardiovascular system, and in brain regions related to motor planning, execution, learning and supervision [97][98][99][100][101][102]. However, in some situations, the overproduction and consequent accumulation of reactive species, mainly generated due to over-training and/or prolonged, unaccustomed, new and/or exhaustive sports and high intensity and/or competition sports may induce several aerobic and/or anaerobic bio-energetic reactions in cytosol and mitochondria [14].…”

Section: Effects Of Phenolic Compounds and Phenolic-rich Sources On E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Functional Phenolics Dietary Supplementation on Athletes’ Performance and Recovery: A Review

Gonçalves

Gaspar

Flores-Félix

et al. 2022

IJMS

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In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify micronutrients or nutritional strategies capable of preventing, or at least, attenuating, exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress, and improving athlete performance. The reason is that most exercises induce various changes in mitochondria and cellular cytosol that lead to the generation of reactive species and free radicals whose accumulation can be harmful to human health. Among them, supplementation with phenolic compounds seems to be a promising approach since their chemical structure, composed of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups, gives them remarkable health-promoting properties, such as the ability to suppress inflammatory processes, counteract oxidative damage, boost the immune system, and thus, reduce muscle soreness and accelerate recovery. Phenolic compounds have also already been shown to be effective in improving temporal performance and reducing psychological stress and fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the effects of dietary phenolics on physical performance and recovery in athletes and sports practitioners. Overall, the reports show that phenolics exert important benefits on exercise-induced muscle damage as well as play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance.

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Section: Effects Of Phenolic Compounds and Phenolic-rich Sources On E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Functional Phenolics Dietary Supplementation on Athletes’ Performance and Recovery: A Review

Gonçalves

Gaspar

Flores-Félix

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Regarding the brain structure, high level endurance athletes have larger volumes of white and gray matter in medial temporal lobe (Chang et al, 2015;Schlaffke et al, 2013). Paruk et al (2020) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paruk et al. ( 2020 ) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for measuring the whole brain and local brain volumes in high level endurance athletes and sedentary individuals. The whole brain analysis exhibited greater gray and white matter volumes and total brain volume in high level athletes, whereas local analysis revealed smaller gray matter volumes in areas, such as right primary sensory and motor cortex, the middle inferior frontal gyrus, and the left thalamus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of resting state functional connectivity of motor cortex of high fitness level college students: Experimental evidence from functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2023

Brain and Behavior

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Objective This study inspects difference of resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of motor cortex between athletes and ordinary college students and the test‐retest reliability of RSFC. Methods Twenty high fitness level college students (high fitness group) and 20 ordinary college students (control group) were recruited. The motor cortical blood oxygen signals in resting states were monitored by functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). RSFCs of brain signals were preprocessed and calculated by FC‐NIRS software. RSFC results of test‐retest reliability were evaluated by intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Total RSFC (HbO signal) was significantly different between high fitness group (0.62 ± 0.04) and low fitness group (0.81 ± 0.04) (p < .05). Significant differences were found between the groups (HbO signal) in 50 edges among the 190 edges of motor cortex (14 edges after FDR corrected). At three hemoglobin concentrations, mean of group‐level ICC (C, 1) for total RSFC in two groups was 0.40 ± 0.10, whereas the mean of group‐level ICC (C, k) was 0.57 ± 0.11, depicting “fair” reliability. The mean of group‐level ICC (C, 1) of 190 “edges” was 0.88 ± 0.06, whereas mean of ICC (C, k) was 0.94 ± 0.03, exhibiting “excellent” reliability. Conclusion Fitness level is the factor causing specific changes in RSFC strength of motor cortex that can be utilized as biomarker for evaluating the fitness level.

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“…Hence, in recent studies, the question of "How does the brain structure and functioning of athletes change?" was discussed extensively (Belviranli et al 2016;Herold et al 2020b;Paruk et al 2020). Considering the current knowledge, differences in various brain structures (amygdala, cerebellum, motor areas, gray matter), which can highlight brain plasticity, have been shown, especially in studies with well-trained athletes (Guo et al 2017;Duru and Balcioglu 2018;Paruk et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…was discussed extensively (Belviranli et al 2016;Herold et al 2020b;Paruk et al 2020). Considering the current knowledge, differences in various brain structures (amygdala, cerebellum, motor areas, gray matter), which can highlight brain plasticity, have been shown, especially in studies with well-trained athletes (Guo et al 2017;Duru and Balcioglu 2018;Paruk et al 2020). In addition to these studies, the effects of different exercise methods on some brain parameters (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal activity, tolerance to mental fatigue, cognitive performance) of athletes have been examined (Guo et al 2017;Duru and Balcioglu 2018;Jaydari Fard et al 2019;Seidel and Ragert 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemodynamic changes in athletes’ brains: is there any adaptation?

Mancı¹,

Deniz²,

Güdücü³

et al. 2021

gpb

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This study compared the hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex during sprint interval training (SIT) and recovery periods in sedentary and athletes. SIT was performed on a cycling ergometer on 12 male athletes and 9 sedentary participants. A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device was used to record the hemodynamic changes of the prefrontal cortex throughout the protocol. The oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) levels in the prefrontal cortex were increased significantly, and the power outputs were decreased in repetitive Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs) in Sedentary and Athletes group (p < 0.001). In addition, the Sedentary group had higher Oxy-Hb values (p < 0.001). However, the recovery times decreased significantly after all WAnTs (p < 0.05). Despite the increased fatigue, athletes performed better with less Oxy-Hb than the sedentary participants. Also, the recovery of the Oxy-Hb values in the prefrontal region was faster in athletes. These results may highlight a possible brain adaptation in athletes.

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Structural brain differences between ultra-endurance athletes and sedentary persons

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

Effects of Functional Phenolics Dietary Supplementation on Athletes’ Performance and Recovery: A Review

Effects of Functional Phenolics Dietary Supplementation on Athletes’ Performance and Recovery: A Review

Characteristics of resting state functional connectivity of motor cortex of high fitness level college students: Experimental evidence from functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

Hemodynamic changes in athletes’ brains: is there any adaptation?

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