Structural brain abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia

Ferrari, Maria Cristina Lombardo; Kimura, Luci; Nita, Luciana M.; Elkis, Hélio

doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2006000500008

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Indeed, ketamine-induced release of glutamate in anterior cingulated cortex (ACC) is correlated with positive psychotic symptom scores in healthy human subjects ( r = 0.72) (Stone et al, 2012). Furthermore, NMDAR antagonists play known roles in neurodegenration and excitotoxicity, including apoptosis of mature corticolimbic pyramidal cells (Zhou et al, 2007; Farber and Olney, 2003; Horváth et al, 1997; Wozniak et al, 1998), thus offering NMDAR hypofunction as a possible basis for brain atrophy observed in schizophrenia (Rais et al, 2012; Andreone, et al, 2007; Rais et al, 2008; Goldman et al, 2007; Ferrari et al, 2006). …”

Section: Evidence For Nmdar Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the ketamine model for schizophrenia

2013

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The observation that antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR), such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, transiently induce symptoms of acute schizophrenia had led to a paradigm shift from dopaminergic to glutamatergic dysfunction in pharmacological models of schizophrenia. The glutamate hypothesis can explain negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia better than the dopamine hypothesis, and has the potential to explain dopamine dysfunction itself. The pharmacological and psychomimetic effects of ketamine, which is safer for human subjects than phencyclidine, are herein reviewed. Ketamine binds to a variety of receptors, but principally acts at the NMDAR, and convergent genetic and molecular evidence point to NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia. Furthermore, NMDAR hypofunction can explain connectional and oscillatory abnormalities in schizophrenia in terms of both weakened excitation of inhibitory -aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons that synchronize cortical networks and disinhibition of principal cells. Individuals with prenatal aberrations of NMDAR might experience the onset of schizophrenia towards the completion of synaptic pruning in adolescence, when network connectivity drops below a critical value. We conclude that ketamine challenge is useful for studying the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, dopaminergic and GABAergic dysfunction, age of onset, functional dysconnectivity, and abnormal cortical oscillations observed in acute schizophrenia.

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Section: Evidence For Nmdar Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the ketamine model for schizophrenia

2013

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“…Age-related changes in brain structure result from a complex interplay among various neurobiological processes, which may contribute to more complex trajectories than what can be described by simple linear or quadratic models [14,15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cephalometric Assessment of the Brain Ventricular System Index Using Computerised Tomography in Sokoto North-Western, Nigeria

Danjuma,

Abubakar

2023

JAMPS

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Aim: To determine the normal brain ventricular system index of Nigerians using computerized tomography in Sokoto North-Western Nigeria. Study Design: Retrospective cross- sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto and Department of Radiology Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, between January, 2020 and January, 2022. Methodology: One hundred and seventy-eight normal brain CT scans of subjects from the Radiology Department, whose ages ranged from 1 to 70 years, were recruited for this study. The Bi-frontal and Bi-occipital indices were calculated as ratios of measured distances of the frontal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricles and the transverse intracranial diameter, at the same level, respectively. The brain ventricular system index was then determined by a ratio of the Bi-frontal index and Bi-occipital index. Results: The largest brain ventricular system indexes were 7.83cm and 7.68cm in males and females respectively and these were observed between the age of 2-4years for both sexes. While, the smallest brain ventricular system indexes were 7.47cm in males and 7.29cm in females, which were observed in age group 61-70years for both sexes. Conclusion: This study was conducted to determine the Ventricular Brain System Index and it relation with sex and age in our environment.

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“…Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of patients with schizophrenia have demonstrated an overall reduction in grey matter; an increase in white matter; decreased size of the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampus; an overall reduction in brain volume; and larger lateral ventricles relative to a control group. [35][36][37] …”

Section: Patient Symptoms and Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Schizophrenia Discovered during the Patient Interview in a Man with Shoulder Pain Referred for Physical Therapy

Shah

Nakamura²

2010

Physiotherapy Canada

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Purpose: The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the importance of a thorough patient interview. The case involves a man referred for physical therapy for a musculoskeletal dysfunction; during the patient interview, a psychiatric disorder was recognized that was later identified as schizophrenia. A secondary purpose is to educate physical therapists on the recognizable signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Client description: A 19-year-old male patient with chronic shoulder, elbow, and wrist pain was referred for physical therapy. During the interview, the patient reported that he was receiving signals from an electronic device implanted in his body. Measures and outcome: The physical therapist's initial assessment identified a disorder requiring medical referral. Further management of the patient's musculoskeletal dysfunction was not appropriate at this time. Intervention: The patient was referred for further medical investigation, as he was demonstrating signs suggestive of a psychiatric disorder. The patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia by a psychiatrist and was prescribed Risperdal. Implications: This case study reinforces the importance of a thorough patient interview by physical therapists to rule out non-musculoskeletal disorders. Patients seeking neuromusculoskeletal assessment and treatment may have undiagnosed primary or secondary psychiatric disorders that require recognition by physical therapists and possible medical referral.Key Words: patient interview, physical therapy assessment, psychiatric disorder, referral source, schizophrenia Shah N, Nakamura Y. Case report: schizophrenia discovered during the patient interview in a man with shoulder pain referred for physical therapy. Physiother Can. 2010;62:308-315 RÉ SUMÉObjectif : L'objectif de cette é tude de cas consiste à dé montrer l'importance de ré aliser des entrevues en profondeur avec les patients. Le cas é tudié concerne un homme dirigé vers la physiothé rapie en raison d'une dysfonction musculosquelettique. Au cours de l'entrevue avec ce patient, un problè me psychiatrique a é té dé celé ; par la suite, de la schizophré nie a é té diagnostiqué e. Le deuxiè me objectif de cette é tude de cas est d'é duquer et de sensibiliser les physiothé rapeutes aux signes et aux symptô mes aisé ment reconnaissables de la schizophré nie. Description du client : Le patient est un jeune homme de 19 ans qui souffre de douleurs chroniques à l'é paule, au coude et au poignet et qui avait é té dirigé en physiothé rapie. Au cours de l'entrevue, le patient a dé claré qu'il recevait des signaux provenant d'un appareil é lectronique implanté dans son corps. Mesures et ré sultats : L'é valuation pré liminaire du physiothé rapeute a permis d'identifier un problè me qui né cessitait que le patient soit redirigé vers un mé decin. Une gestion plus poussé e de la dysfonction musculosquelettique de ce patient a é té jugé e inapproprié e à cette é tape. Intervention : Le patient a é té dirigé vers une investigation mé dicale plus approfondie, puisqu'il m...

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Structural brain abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Reviewing the ketamine model for schizophrenia

Reviewing the ketamine model for schizophrenia

Cephalometric Assessment of the Brain Ventricular System Index Using Computerised Tomography in Sokoto North-Western, Nigeria

Case Report: Schizophrenia Discovered during the Patient Interview in a Man with Shoulder Pain Referred for Physical Therapy

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