Structural Basis and Functional Mechanism of Lipoprotein in Cholesterol Transport

Yang, Zhiwei; Hao, Dongxiao; Che, Yizhuo; Zhang, Lei; ShengliZhang,

doi:10.5772/intechopen.76015

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 91 publications

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“…Here, the difference in medians between the Friedewald formula and ultracentrifugation is the largest compared to the other two equations, 13 mmol/L lower than what is quantified by ultracentrifugation. A possible explanation for this is that the underestimation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels using the Friedewald formula is due to its overestimation of VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between the Friedewald, Martin and Sampson Equations and LDL-C Quantification by Ultracentrifugation in a Mexican Population

Fuentevilla-Álvarez,

Soto,

Valdivia

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), which makes up about 70% of the cholesterol in the blood, is critical in the formation of arteriosclerotic plaques, increasing the risk of heart disease. LDL-C levels are estimated using Friedewald, Martin and Sampson equations, though they have limitations with high triglycerides. Our aim is to compare the effectiveness of these equations versus the ultracentrifugation technique in individuals with and without dyslipidemia and identify precision. There were 113 participants, 59 healthy controls and 54 dyslipidemic patients. Samples were collected after fasting. LDL-C was estimated using the Friedewald, Martin and Sampson equations. The purified LDL-C, ultracentrifugated and dialysized control group without dyslipidemia vs. patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) showed differences in age, HDL-C, triglycerides and glucose non-HDL-C (p = 0.001 in all). There were correlations in CGWD between ultracentrifugation and Sampson R-squared (R2) = 0.791. In the dyslipidemia control group, ultracentrifugation and Friedewald R2 = 0.911. In patients with CAD, correlation between ultracentrifugation and Sampson R2 = 0.892; Bland–Altman confirmed agreement in controls without dyslipidemia. The Martin and Sampson equations are interchangeable with ultracentrifugation. Conclusion: The role of LDL analysis using precise techniques is necessary to obtain better control of disease outcomes after the use of precise therapies and suggests verifying its importance through clinical trials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between the Friedewald, Martin and Sampson Equations and LDL-C Quantification by Ultracentrifugation in a Mexican Population

Fuentevilla-Álvarez,

Soto,

Valdivia

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Fabrication and Appraisal of Simvastatin via Tailored Niosomal Nanovesicles for Transdermal Delivery Enhancement: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment

et al. 2021

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Simvastatin (SIM) is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor employed in the management of hyperlipidemia. However, its low bioavailability limits its clinical efficacy. The objective of this study was to overcome the poor bioavailability of SIM via the transdermal application of a SIM-loaded niosomal gel. Niosomes loaded with SIM were fabricated by means of the thin-film hydration method and optimized through a 33-factorial design utilizing Design Expert® software. The prepared niosomes were evaluated for entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential, vesicle size, and cumulative percentage of drug release. The optimum niosomal formulation was loaded on the gel and evaluated for physical properties such as color, clarity, and homogeneity. It was also evaluated for spreadability, and the cumulative % drug release. The best niosomal gel formula was appraised for ex vivo permeation as well as pharmacokinetic study. The SIM-loaded niosomes showed EE% between 66.7–91.4%, vesicle size between 191.1–521.6 nm, and zeta potential ranged between −0.81–+35.6 mv. The cumulative percentage of drug released was ranged from 55% to 94% over 12 h. SIM-loaded niosomal gels were clear, homogenous, spreadable, and the pH values were within the range of physiological skin pH. Furthermore, about 73.5% of SIM was released within 24 h, whereas 409.5 µg/cm2 of SIM passed through the skin over 24 h in the ex vivo permeation study. The pharmacokinetic study revealed higher AUC0–∞ and Cmax with topical application of SIM-loaded niosomal gel compared to topical SIM gel or oral SIM suspension. The topical application of SIM-loaded niosomal gel ascertained the potential percutaneous delivery of SIM.

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Structural Basis and Functional Mechanism of Lipoprotein in Cholesterol Transport

Cited by 2 publications

References 91 publications

Comparison between the Friedewald, Martin and Sampson Equations and LDL-C Quantification by Ultracentrifugation in a Mexican Population

Comparison between the Friedewald, Martin and Sampson Equations and LDL-C Quantification by Ultracentrifugation in a Mexican Population

Fabrication and Appraisal of Simvastatin via Tailored Niosomal Nanovesicles for Transdermal Delivery Enhancement: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment

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