Structural and Tribological Assessment of Biomedical 316 Stainless Steel Subjected to Pulsed-Plasma Surface Modification: Comparison of LPBF 3D Printing and Conventional Fabrication

Chabak, Yu. G.; Efremenko, B.V.; Petryshynets, Ivan; Ефременко, В. Г.; Lekatou, A.; Zurnadzhy, V. І.; Bogomol, I.; Fedun, V.I.; Kováľ, Karol; Пастухова, Т. В.

doi:10.3390/ma14247671

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…For all the austenitizing temperatures a sharp rising of SHR at the initial strain stage (=0.005−0.01) was followed by a decrease in the SHR value at up to 0.025, which is attributed to the cumulative interactions of gliding dislocations followed by the blocking of the close-packed plains of their gliding [59,60]. The next strain stage was characterized by an increase in the SHR, indicating a strain hardening phenomenon [61]. It is observed that the SHR curves for TA=770 °C and TA=830 °C exhibited similar behavior, with a minor hardening effect lasting up to the strain of about 0.05.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Alternative Approach for the Intercritical Annealing of (Cr, Mo, V)-Alloyed TRIP-Assisted Steel before Austempering

Zurnadzhy

Ефременко

Petryshynets

et al. 2022

Metals

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TRIP-assisted С-Si-Mn steels are usually subjected to austempering with a preliminary intercritical annealing that is targeted at the multi-phase structure with 40–60 vol.% of proeutectoid ferrite. The kinetics and the mechanism of phase-structural transformations can be impacted due to the additional alloying of TRIP-assisted steel by the strong carbide forming elements, thus necessitating an alternative approach for the selection of intercritical annealing parameters. This issue is analyzed in the present work, which investigates the effect of the temperature of intercritical annealing on the “structure/properties” correlations in 0.2 wt.% C-Si-Mn-Nb steel additionally alloyed by 0.55 wt.% Cr, 0.20% Mo, and 0.11 wt.% V. The annealing temperature ranged from 770 °C to 950 °C, and austempering was performed at 350 °C for 20 min. It was observed that the addition of the (Cr, Mo, and V) complex significantly improved the steel hardenability. However, the annealing of steel at 770 °C (to gain 50 vol.% of proeutectoid ferrite) resulted in the precipitation of coarse cementite lamellas during bainite transformation, thus lowering the amount of retained austenite (RA) and decreasing the strength and ductility of the steel. At higher annealing temperatures, carbide-free bainite was formed, which presented a 2.5–3.5 times increase in the RA volume fraction and a 1.5 times increase in the RA carbon content. The optimal combination of the mechanical properties (UTS of 1040 MPa, TEL of 23%, V-notch impact toughness of 95 J/cm2, PSE of 23.9 GPa·%) referred to annealing at a temperature close to the Ac3 point, resulting in a structure with 5 vol.% ferrite and 9 vol.% RA (the residue was carbide-free bainite). This structure presented an extended manifestation of the TRIP effect with an enhanced strain hardening rate due to strain-induced martensite transformation. The impact of the alloying elements on the carbon activity in austenite served as the basis for the analysis of structure formation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Alternative Approach for the Intercritical Annealing of (Cr, Mo, V)-Alloyed TRIP-Assisted Steel before Austempering

Zurnadzhy

Ефременко

Petryshynets

et al. 2022

Metals

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“…the (Nb,V)C carbide precipitation. As shown in Figure 5h, the formed precipitates interacted with dislocations using the Orowan mechanism in the grains, preferably oriented relative to the deformation direction, forming a dislocation "forest" that contributed to the steel strength [49,50]. The application of AC just after HR changed the structure significantly.…”

Section: Microstructure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A comparison of the structures of TMCP and NR specimens showed the latter had no nano-particles and allowed to the presumption that the progressive accumulation of crystal defects due to a lower FRT under TMCP facilitated the (Nb,V)C carbide precipitation. As shown in Figure 5h, the formed precipitates interacted with dislocations using the Orowan mechanism in the grains, preferably oriented relative to the deformation direction, forming a dislocation "forest" that contributed to the steel strength [49,50]. the (Nb,V)C carbide precipitation.…”

Section: Microstructure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Tensile Properties and Ductile-Brittle Transition Behavior of the EN S355 Grade Rolled Steel via Cost-Saving Processing Routes

Zurnadzhy,

Stavrovskaia,

Chabak

et al. 2024

Materials

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Structural rolled steels are the primary products of modern ferrous metallurgy. Consequently, enhancing the mechanical properties of rolled steel using energy-saving processing routes without furnace heating for additional heat treatment is advisable. This study compared the effect on the mechanical properties of structural steel for different processing routes, like conventional hot rolling, normalizing rolling, thermo-mechanically controlled processing (TMCP), and TMCP with accelerating cooling (AC) to 550 °C or 460 °C. The material studied was a 20 mm-thick sheet of S355N grade (EN 10025) made of low-carbon (V+Nb+Al)-micro-alloyed steel. The research methodology included standard mechanical testing and microstructure characterization using optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electronic microscopies, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. It was found that using different processing routes could increase the mechanical properties of the steel sheets from S355N to S550QL1 grade without additional heat treatment costs. TMCP followed by AC to 550 °C ensured the best combination of strength and cold-temperature resistance due to formation of a quasi-polygonal/acicular ferrite structure with minor fractions of dispersed pearlite and martensite/austenite islands. The contribution of different structural factors to the yield tensile strength and ductile–brittle transition temperature of steel was analyzed using theoretical calculations. The calculated results complied well with the experimental data. The effectiveness of the cost-saving processing routes which may bring definite economic benefits is concluded.

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“…In metallic materials, maximum nanoscale depth can reach up to 0.2 microns, which is beneficial for assessing the mechanical properties of thin films and coatings [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. On the other hand, nIIT has been successfully utilized, with specific reference to SS 316L, to inspect the effects of surface modifications, such as those induced by irradiation [ 23 ], pulsed plasma [ 24 ], nitriding [ 25 ], sol-gel thin coating [ 26 ], and more. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no studies, except for the one published by [ 27 ] on the fatigue behavior of PBF-LB SS 316L under different orientations (vertically, horizontally and at a 45° angle) using Vickers instrumented macro-indentation, have been conducted on the elastoplastic behavior of either SS 316L steel or its PBF-LB counterpart.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale and Tensile-Like Properties by an Instrumented Indentation Test on PBF-LB SS 316L Steel

Maizza,

Hafeez,

Varone

et al. 2024

Materials

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The mechanical properties of a defect-free laser melting (PBF-LB) deposit of an AISI 316L steel alloy were assessed by means of an instrumented indentation test (IIT), at both the macro- and nano-scales. The inherent non-equilibrium microstructure of the alloy was chemically homogenous and consisted of equiaxed grains and large-elongated grains (under the optical microscope) with irregular outlines composed of a much finer internal cell structure (under the scanning electron microscope). Berkovich and Vickers indenters were used to assess the indentation properties across individual grains (nano) and over multiple grains (macro), respectively. The nano-indentation over the X-Y plane revealed nearly constant indentation modulus across an individual grain but variable on average within different grains whose value depended on the relative orientation of the individual grain. The macro-indentation test was conducted to analyze the tensile-like properties of the polycrystalline SS 316L alloy over the X-Y and Y-Z planes. The macro-indentation test provided a reliable estimate of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS-like) of the alloy. Other indentation properties gave inconsistent results, and a post factum analysis was, therefore, conducted, by means of a new approach, to account for the presence of residual stresses. The already existing indentation data were supplemented with new repeated indentation tests to conduct a detailed analysis of the relaxation ability of compressive and tensile residual stresses. The developed methodology allows the effect of residual stresses and the reliability of measured macro-indentation properties to be examined as a function of a small group of indentation parameters.

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Structural and Tribological Assessment of Biomedical 316 Stainless Steel Subjected to Pulsed-Plasma Surface Modification: Comparison of LPBF 3D Printing and Conventional Fabrication

Cited by 15 publications

References 64 publications

Alternative Approach for the Intercritical Annealing of (Cr, Mo, V)-Alloyed TRIP-Assisted Steel before Austempering

Alternative Approach for the Intercritical Annealing of (Cr, Mo, V)-Alloyed TRIP-Assisted Steel before Austempering

Enhancing the Tensile Properties and Ductile-Brittle Transition Behavior of the EN S355 Grade Rolled Steel via Cost-Saving Processing Routes

Nanoscale and Tensile-Like Properties by an Instrumented Indentation Test on PBF-LB SS 316L Steel

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