Structural and mechanical properties of stainless steel formed under conditions of layer-by-layer fusion of a wire by an electron beam

Abstract

Introduction. As of today, additive technologies are among the most promising methods to manufacture various parts. They allow producing parts of complex shapes and provide their quality structure. The quality of the structure formed depends on numerous parameters: equipment type, its operation mode, materials, shielding medium, etc. Large international companies producing 3D-printers provide technological guidelines for working on it. Such guidelines include the information on the manufacturers of raw materials (printing powders), products their equipment can work with and the operation modes that should be used with such powders. These parameters should be investigated to use it on the domestic equipment developed within the framework of research programs and import substitution programs. The researchers and developers of 3D-printing equipment frequently run into a problem of using currently available raw materials for obtaining parts possessing minimal porosity, uniform structure and mechanical properties similar to that of at least cast blanks. One of the widely used materials for 3D-printing is stainless steel. It has high corrosion resistance, which reduces the requirements to the medium in which 3D printing is carried out. Manufactured stainless steel products have a good combination of strength and plastic characteristics. The aim of the study is to obtain stainless steel specimens possessing minimal number of micro- and macro-defects and uniform structure by the method of wire arc additive manufacturing using an electron-beam setup developed at Tomsk Polytechnic University. The methods to study the AISI 308LSi stainless steel 3D-printed specimens are as follows: XRD analysis, tomography, chemical analysis, metallographic analysis, microhardness testing. Results and discussion. It is established that the AISI 308LSi stainless steel specimens manufactured using the electron-beam 3D-printing setup contain no macro-defects in the bulk of the specimens. There are small microdefects represented by residual gas pores with the dimensions of no more than 5.2 μm. The microstructure of the specimens is formed close to that of coarse-grained cast austenite steels and consists of columnar grains of the γ-Fe austenite matrix and high-temperature ferrite. The interfaces between the wire layers are not pronounced; however, there are small differences in phase composition. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it is established that the use of electron-beam 3D-printing for the manufacture of parts from AISI 308LSi steel gives a structure similar to cast austenitic steels. Macro-defects do not appear, and the number of gas pores is small.

Influence of the Coarse Grain Structure of a Titanium Alloy Ti-4Al-3V Formed by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing on Strain Inhomogeneities and Fracture

“…The efficiency of the applied 3D printing technology for titanium alloys is also important. One such application is the use of metal wires for printing [12,13,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the use of titanium alloys for this purpose in the form of welding wire, which makes the process more accessible, and, to some extent, cheaper [16,22].…”

“…This is mainly due to the fact that under the conditions of electron beam exposure, which can mostly be carried out in a vacuum, the most suitable materials are easily oxidizable alloys, such as those mentioned above. Due to the widely studied features of the structure and the stress state in metal alloys, including titanium, which are formed under conditions of high-energy laser or electron beam irradiation, there is already a clear understanding of the optimal values of the applied radiation power, its scanning speed, and the size of the layer thickness and layer overlap during the formation of a bulk object [23], meaning that it is possible to obtain products with satisfactory properties [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]24,25]. At the same time, the strength properties and hardness of the formed materials often exceed those of alloys obtained by casting and rolling [23,26].…”