Structural and mechanical changes by adding graphene to C/C composites

Biochar; an effective factor in improving phytoremediation of metal(iod)s in polluted sites

“…By improving soil pH, carbon content, soil aeration, soil fertility, water retention capacity, microbial diversity, and plant growth, biochar is highly effective at cleaning environments contaminated with HMs (Forján et al, 2018;Gong et al, 2019;Deebika et al, 2021). Furthermore, Its high specific surface area, porous structure (macropores and micropores), cation exchange capacity, and active functional groups make biochar an effective tool for stabilizing soil pollution and reducing HMs bioavailability for organisms (Song et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2017a;Zhang et al, 2019a). It is important to note that all the benefits mentioned above depend on the particle size, intrinsic properties, application method, and the amount of biochar applied to the soil (Li et al, 2021a), and in the following, it will be discussed the details how biochar can improve the phytoremediation process of HMs (Figure 3).…”

“…Additionally, biochar in soil regulates pH, CEC, EC, and ash content as well as increasing catalase, urease, and dehydrogenase activity, and increasing microbial activities, especially indigenous microbes (Hossain et al, 2010;Binti Ab Aziz et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2019b;Gong et al, 2021) (Figure 2). Furthermore, biochar increases plant growth, biomass, and yield by improving soil conditions, improving water quality, providing nutrients, increasing root colonization by microbes, and improving the propagation and surface of roots (Paz-Ferreiro et al, 2014;Doan et al, 2015;Rees et al, 2016;Herman and Resigia, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019a;Zhou et al, 2020). Nonetheless, dissolved organic matter in biochar (aqueous biochar extract) contains a considerable amount of organic compounds, including organic acids with low molecular weight, humic organic molecules, and complex sugars, which have significant effects on plant growth (Lou et al, 2016;Bian et al, 2018).…”