Structural and Material Changes in the Aging Thorax and Their Role in Crash Protection for Older Occupants

Kent, Richard W.; Lee, Sang‐Hyun; Darvish, Kurosh; Wang, Stewart; Poster, C.; Lange, Aaron W.; Brede, Chris; Lange, David C.; Matsuoka, Fumio

doi:10.4271/2005-22-0011

Cited by 87 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…was used with the bone and calcified regions of all of the models. This was chosen as a hybrid of the typical modulus of cortical bone (8-30 GPa; Kemper et al, 2005) and trabecular bone (0.04-0.7 GPa; Li et al, 2010;Kent et al, 2005). All these regions (bone, cartilage, and calcification) were assumed to be nearly incompressible, with a Poisson's Ratio (n) equal to 0.49.…”

Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling costal cartilage using local material properties with consideration for gross heterogeneities

Forman

Kent

2011

Journal of Biomechanics

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Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling costal cartilage using local material properties with consideration for gross heterogeneities

Forman

Kent

2011

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…Numerous authors have shown that the response and injury tolerance of the thorax can vary substantially between individuals due to differences in age, thoracic geometry, rib angle, BMD, and material properties. 24,29,30,52 Moreover, the female PMHS in this study was osteoporotic and had two pre-existing, non-displaced rib fractures. Both of these conditions would lower the force response and likely resulted in earlier rib fractures when compared to healthy younger females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Data from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) showed that rib fractures were the most serious injury sustained by 40% of the patients over 60 who died of complications arising from chest injuries sustained in an automobile collision. 29 In addition, previous cadaveric laboratory studies have shown that rib fractures are the most common skeletal injury in frontal belted sled tests. 7,8,20,38,40 In order to better predict rib fractures in automobile collisions, several studies have investigated the biomechanics of human ribs through a range of material and component level tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reducing Chest Injuries in Automobile Collisions: Rib Fracture Timing and Implications for Thoracic Injury Criteria

et al. 2011

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The purpose of this study was to quantify the biomechanical response of the human thorax during dynamic shoulder belt loading representative of that seen in a severe automotive collision. Two post-mortem human surrogates (PMHSs) (one male and one female) were instrumented with 26 single-axis strain gages on the ribs, sternum, and clavicle. The thorax of each PMHS was placed on a custom spine support bracket designed to support the thorax on either side of the spinous process, thereby allowing free motion at the costovertebral joints. In addition, the support bracket raised the thorax above the flat base plate, which could otherwise constrain the deformation and motion of the posterior region of the rib cage. The thorax of each PMHS was then loaded using a custom table-top belt loading system that generated thoracic displacement rates representative of a severe automotive collision, 1.3 m/s for the male PMHS and 1.0 m/s for the female PMHS. The rib fracture timing data, determined by analyzing the strain gage time histories, showed that severe thoracic injury (AIS = 3) occurred at 16% chest compression for the male and 12% chest compression for the female. However, these values are well below the current thoracic injury criteria of 29% chest compression for the male and 23% chest compression for the female. This data illustrates that serious thoracic injury (AIS = 3) occurs at lower chest compressions than the current ATD thoracic injury criteria. Overall, this study provides critical data that can be used in the design and validation of advanced ATDs and finite element models, as well as the establishment of improved, more stringent thoracic injury criteria.

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“…Recall that the GHBMC M50 model was created from the scans of a living subject while material properties used in the model are mainly from deceased specimens. It has been established that in the ribcage, not only do the material properties change, but so do the cortical thickness, rib angle, 26 and rib shape. 15 It has also been shown that the elderly are more susceptible to thoracic injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral Impact Validation of a Geometrically Accurate Full Body Finite Element Model for Blunt Injury Prediction

et al. 2012

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This study presents four validation cases of a mid-sized male (M50) full human body finite element model-two lateral sled tests at 6.7 m/s, one sled test at 8.9 m/s, and a lateral drop test. Model results were compared to transient force curves, peak force, chest compression, and number of fractures from the studies. For one of the 6.7 m/s impacts (flat wall impact), the peak thoracic, abdominal and pelvic loads were 8.7, 3.1 and 14.9 kN for the model and 5.2 ± 1.1 kN, 3.1 ± 1.1 kN, and 6.3 ± 2.3 kN for the tests. For the same test setup in the 8.9 m/s case, they were 12.6, 6, and 21.9 kN for the model and 9.1 ± 1.5 kN, 4.9 ± 1.1 kN, and 17.4 ± 6.8 kN for the experiments. The combined torso load and the pelvis load simulated in a second rigid wall impact at 6.7 m/s were 11.4 and 15.6 kN, respectively, compared to 8.5 ± 0.2 kN and 8.3 ± 1.8 kN experimentally. The peak thorax load in the drop test was 6.7 kN for the model, within the range in the cadavers, 5.8-7.4 kN. When analyzing rib fractures, the model predicted Abbreviated Injury Scale scores within the reported range in three of four cases. Objective comparison methods were used to quantitatively compare the model results to the literature studies. The results show a good match in the thorax and abdomen regions while the pelvis results over predicted the reaction loads from the literature studies. These results are an important milestone in the development and validation of this globally developed average male FEA model in lateral impact.

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Structural and Material Changes in the Aging Thorax and Their Role in Crash Protection for Older Occupants

Cited by 87 publications

References 41 publications

Modeling costal cartilage using local material properties with consideration for gross heterogeneities

Modeling costal cartilage using local material properties with consideration for gross heterogeneities

Reducing Chest Injuries in Automobile Collisions: Rib Fracture Timing and Implications for Thoracic Injury Criteria

Lateral Impact Validation of a Geometrically Accurate Full Body Finite Element Model for Blunt Injury Prediction

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