“…1d) demonstrated the primary Bragg reections, located at 30°, 35°, 43°, 53°, 57°, 63°, that corresponded to the face-center cubic (FCC) Miller indices of ( 220), (311), (400), ( 422), (511), and (440) of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, respectively. 47,51,55 The neat IONPs and lignin@Fe 3 O 4 had the same six peaks, while the KL spectrum only shared one peak at 35°. Using the Scherrer Equation (ESI eqn (S2) †), the crystallite size of the lignin@Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles at 35°was determined to be 18.4 nm (ESI eqn (S2) †) since the FWHM was 0.009234 radians and the Bragg diffraction angle was 0.61897 radians.…”