Structural and Electronic Snapshots during the Transition from a Cu(II) to Cu(I) Metal Center of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase by X-ray Photoreduction

Gudmundsson, Mikael; Kim, Seonah; Wu, Miao; Ishida, Takuya; Momeni, Majid Hadadd; Vaaje‐Kolstad, Gustav; Lundberg, Dag; Royant, Antoine; Ståhlberg, Jerry; Eijsink, Vincent G. H.; Beckham, Gregg T.; Sandgren, Mats

doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.563494

Cited by 107 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Kjaergaard et al (12) also confirmed the presence of this hydroxide/water using extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Although density corresponding to a hydroxide/water molecule in the fourth equatorial position has been observed in some LPMO structures, such density was not observed in the structure of NcLPMO9C, possibly because of photo-reduction of the copper by the x-ray beam (53). The EPR envelope though confirms a d (x2 Ϫ y2) ground state (g z Ͼ g x , g y ) typical for an elongated octahedron.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Structural and Functional Characterization of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase with Broad Substrate Specificity

Borisova

Isaksen

Dimarogona

et al. 2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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171

229

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Background:The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are important in enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Results: We describe structural and functional studies of NcLPMO9C, which cleaves both cellulose and certain hemicelluloses. Conclusion: NcLPMO9C has structural and functional features that correlate with the enzyme's catalytic capabilities. Significance: This study shows how LPMO active sites are tailored to varying functionalities and adds to a growing LPMO knowledge base.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Structural and Functional Characterization of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase with Broad Substrate Specificity

Borisova

Isaksen

Dimarogona

et al. 2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

Self Cite

171

229

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“…S5). These water molecules are absent in the reduced Cu + structure of EfaCBM33A (20), suggesting that in our structure of fusolin the Cu 2+ ion has not undergone complete photoreduction.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 97%

Structural basis for the enhancement of virulence by viral spindles and their in vivo crystallization

Chiu

Hijnen

Bunker

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The great benefits that chemical pesticides have brought to agriculture are partly offset by widespread environmental damage to nontarget species and threats to human health. Microbial bioinsecticides are considered safe and highly specific alternatives but generally lack potency. Spindles produced by insect poxviruses are crystals of the fusolin protein that considerably boost not only the virulence of these viruses but also, in cofeeding experiments, the insecticidal activity of unrelated pathogens. However, the mechanisms by which spindles assemble into ultra-stable crystals and enhance virulence are unknown. Here we describe the structure of viral spindles determined by X-ray microcrystallography from in vivo crystals purified from infected insects. We found that a C-terminal molecular arm of fusolin mediates the assembly of a globular domain, which has the hallmarks of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases of chitinovorous bacteria. Explaining their unique stability, a 3D network of disulfide bonds between fusolin dimers covalently crosslinks the entire crystalline matrix of spindles. However, upon ingestion by a new host, removal of the molecular arm abolishes this stabilizing network leading to the dissolution of spindles. The released monooxygenase domain is then free to disrupt the chitinrich peritrophic matrix that protects insects against oral infections. The mode of action revealed here may guide the design of potent spindles as synergetic additives to bioinsecticides.ost entomopoxviruses (EV) produce two types of intracellular crystals. Virus-containing spheroids are the main infectious form of EV (1) and are functionally analogous to polyhedra of cypovirus (2) and baculovirus (3, 4). In contrast, the function of the second type of crystals is less clear. These crystals of the viral fusolin protein, called "spindles" because of their characteristic shape, assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum of infected cells and for some species also occur embedded within the crystalline lattice of spheroids (5). Purified spindles are not infectious but strongly enhance the infectivity of EV by a mechanism that involves disruption of the peritrophic matrix, a physical barrier that protects the midgut epithelium of insects against oral pathogens (6, 7). Remarkably, in larval cofeeding experiments, spindles also enhance the insecticidal activity of unrelated oral pathogens such as baculovirus (8) and the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin (9) by up to three orders of magnitude. This effect on virulence prompted their use as synergistic additives to common bioinsecticides, for instance by transgenic expression of spindles in plants to improve the effectiveness of baculovirus insecticides (10).Fusolin proteins have a signal sequence that targets them to the endoplasmic reticulum, and the mature protein has a mass of 36-44 kDa. Some fusolins are glycosylated, and the glycosylation site of the fusolin produced by Anomala cuprea EV (ACEV) is required for full virulence (11). Sequence analysis shows that the N-terminal regio...

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“…In order to attain structural information on the active site coordination geometry of the copper in its resting Cu(II) state, a spiral data collection technique was applied to the rodshaped BaAA10 crystals inspired by the work presented in Gudmundsson et al 26 (See Tables S1 and Table 1 for crystallisation and data statistics summaries). As well as using this strategy, it was necessary to reduce the X-ray intensity significantly at only 5% transmission, resulting in fairly weak diffraction data.…”

Section: Structure Of the Cu(ii) Form Of Baaa10mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have now shown that chitin-active AA10s appear to display distinct active site geometries to those observed for other LPMOs 26,30,31 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For AA9 LPMOs the equatorial plane around the Cu(II) ion is typically completed by coordination from a water/hydroxide molecule, with longer axial interactions provided by an additional water molecule and often the OH group of a tyrosine. For AA10 LPMOs the copper coordination sphere is completed by two water molecules, both of which do not sit in the equatorial plane created by the protein-derived ligands 26 . Computational methods have recently probed the mechanism of reaction used by AA9s 23,27 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity, stability and 3-D structure of the Cu(ii) form of a chitin-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

et al. 2016

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The enzymatic deconstruction of recalcitrant polysaccharide biomass is central to the conversion of these substrates for societal benefit, such as in biofuels. Traditional models for enzyme-catalysed polysaccharide degradation involved the synergistic action of endo-, exo-and processive glycoside hydrolases working in concert to hydrolyse the substrate. More recently this model has been succeeded by one featuring a newly discovered class of mononuclear copper enzymes: lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs; classified as Auxiliary Activity (AA) enzymes in the CAZy classification). In 2013, the structure of an LPMO from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, BaAA10, was solved with the Cu centre photoreduced to Cu(I) in the X-ray beam. Here we present the catalytic activity of BaAA10. We show that it is a chitin-active LPMO, active on both α and β chitin, with the Cu(II) binding with low nM KD, and the substrate greatly increasing the thermal stability of the enzyme. A spiral data collection strategy has been used to facilitate access to the previously unobservable Cu(II) state of the active centre, revealing a coordination geometry around the copper which is distorted from axial symmetry, consistent with the previous findings from EPR spectroscopy.

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Structural and Electronic Snapshots during the Transition from a Cu(II) to Cu(I) Metal Center of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase by X-ray Photoreduction

Cited by 107 publications

References 57 publications

Structural and Functional Characterization of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase with Broad Substrate Specificity

Structural and Functional Characterization of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase with Broad Substrate Specificity

Structural basis for the enhancement of virulence by viral spindles and their in vivo crystallization

Activity, stability and 3-D structure of the Cu(ii) form of a chitin-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

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