Structural Analysis of Relationship between Economic Activities and Water Pollution in Vietnam

Analyzing the relationship between water pollution and economic activity for a more effective pollution control policy in Bali Province, Indonesia

“…Based on their roles, the emissions of water pollutants from sectoral activities can be distinguished into two categories: direct (i.e., a source of emissions) and indirect (i.e., a cause of emissions). Direct emissions (DiE) are defined as the amount of water pollutants that are directly discharged by a sector in producing the products required to satisfy all forms of demand (i.e., intermediate demand and final demand) [22]. By contrast, indirect emissions (IDiE) are the amount of water pollutants that are discharged by a sector and other sectors to produce the inputs it requires.…”

“…Unlike direct emissions, the amount of pollutants indirectly emitted by a sector relies heavily on the economic performance of several sectors. This form of pollution is not accounted for by the traditional method; however, pollution control management strategies have recently started incorporating examinations of indirect emissions [22,36].…”

“…Despite being good indicators, direct and indirect emissions still cannot express the flow of pollutants within a single sector [21,22,30]. These indicators cannot, for example, quantify the proportion of a sector's direct discharge that is required to meet its own sectoral demand (i.e., sectoral self-pollution) or the level of discharge equal to inter-sectoral demand.…”

“…6). DiE is defined as the amount of water pollutants (herein BOD) that are directly discharged by a sector while producing the products required to satisfy all forms of demand (i.e., intermediate demand and final demand) [22]. By contrast, IDiE is the amount of water pollutants (herein BOD) that are discharged by a sector and other sectors to produce the inputs that it requires.…”

“…However, the environmental performance of an economy is governed by all sectors, which are interrelated through supply chains. Analyzing the relationship between economic activity and water pollution is increasingly considered a useful approach to managing water resources [21,22].…”