Structural analysis of rat patellar tendon in response to resistance and endurance training

Barone, Rosario; Bellafiore, Marianna; Leonardi, V.; Zummo, Giovanni

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00863.x

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The two BDL groups maintained a similar weight on an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet until week 4, when the BDL‐exercisers had a significantly lower weight compared to BDL‐controls. This is in accordance with other exercise studies and possibly caused by the elevated energy requirements from the intensive exercise programme . The increased activity level with a liver‐induced catabolic state may have required additional nutritional supplements to avoid further muscle proteolysis and ensure an optimal environment for optimizing muscle mass.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Progressive resistance training prevents loss of muscle mass and strength in bile duct‐ligated rats

Aamann

Ochoa‐Sanchez

Oliveira

et al. 2018

Liver International

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Background Loss of muscle mass and strength is common in cirrhosis and increases the risk of hyperammonaemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Resistance training optimizes muscle mass and strength in several chronic diseases. However, the beneficial effects of resistance training in cirrhosis remain to be investigated. Bile duct‐ligated (BDL) rats develop chronic liver disease, hyperammonaemia, reduced muscle mass and strength. Our aim was to test the effects of resistance training on muscle mass, function and ammonia metabolism in BDL‐rats. Methods A group of BDL‐rats underwent a progressive resistance training programme and a group of non‐exercise BDL‐rats served as controls. Resistance training comprised of ladder climbing with a progressive increase in carrying weights attached to the tail. Training was performed 5 days a week during 4 weeks. Muscle strength and body composition were assessed using grip strength and EchoMRI. Weight and circumference of the gastrocnemius muscle (normalized to bodyweight), plasma ammonia and glutamine synthetase protein expression and activity were assessed. Results BDL + exercise rats had significantly larger gastrocnemius circumference compared to non‐exercise BDL‐rats: ratio 0.082 vs 0.075 (P < 0.05). Gastrocnemius muscle weight was higher in exercisers than controls: 0.006 vs 0.005 (P < 0.05). A tendency towards a lower plasma ammonia in the exercise group compared to controls was observed (P = 0.10). There were no differences in lean body mass, GS protein expression and activity between the groups. Conclusion Resistance training in rats with chronic liver disease beneficially effects muscle mass and strength. The effects were followed by non‐significant reduction in blood ammonia; however, a tendency was observed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Progressive resistance training prevents loss of muscle mass and strength in bile duct‐ligated rats

Aamann

Ochoa‐Sanchez

Oliveira

et al. 2018

Liver International

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“…In fact, any suggestion of intrinsic difference in the propensity to respond to loading is illustrated by the current data showing preferential loads at which the greatest tendon training response was seen. Certainly, other work would support this idea as it would indeed seem that there is a dose-response to training in terms of tendon's adaptive responses of collagen to increased stress Barone et al 2009). In this case, the fact that the absolute stresses experienced by the males' tendons were greater than those of the females would explain the greater adaptation in the former group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The magnitude and character of resistance-training-induced increase in tendon stiffness at old age is gender specific

Onambélé-Pearson

Pearson

2011

AGE

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Human tendon mechanical properties are modified with loading. Moreover, there are indications that the training response in the tendon is gender specific. The aim of the current study was to examine whether in vivo patella tendon stiffness (K) differentially alters with training in older males compared with females. We also aimed to identify which endocrine pathway underlies the responses. Maximal knee extensor forces were also monitored to determine the training effect on muscle function. Fourteen healthy, habitually active older persons (seven males aged 74.0 ± 1.2 years (mean±SEM) and seven females aged 76.7 ± 1.2 years) were tested at baseline and after 12 weeks of weekly, progressive resistance training. With training, percentage increase in quadriceps maximum voluntary isometric force (MVC) was similar in males (2,469.6 ± 168.0 to 3,097.3 ± 261.9 N; +25.3 ± 6.1% (p < 0.01)) and females (1,728.8 ± 136.3 to 2,166.5 ± 135.8 N; +30.4 ± 15.1% (p < 0.05)), respectively. K increased more in males (338.0 ± 26.6 to 616.9 ± 58.7 N/mm; 79.8 ± 4.2% (p < 0.001)) compared to females (338.9 ± 31.0 to 373.2 ± 25.8 N/mm; +13.0 ± 3.7% (p < 0.001)). Interestingly, a pattern was found whereby below ~40% MVC, the females showed their greatest degree of K changes, whereas the males showed their greatest degree of K change above this relative force level. This gender contrast was also true at a standardised force level (1,200 N), with 5.8 ± 0.4% vs. 82.5 ± 1.8% increments in the females (i.e. value change from 380.3 ± 14.1 to 402.4 ± 13.3 N/mm) and the males (i.e. value change from 317.8 ± 13.8 to 580.2 ± 30.9 N/mm), respectively (p < 0.001). While circulating levels of both IGF-I and IL-6 did not alter with training, IGFBP-3 showed a significant training effect (19.1 ± 4.8%, p < 0.001) and only in the male sub-group (p = 0.038). We show here that with training, in vivo older females' tendon is less dramatically modulated than that of males'. We also show that the relative forces, at which the greatest adaptations are exhibited, differ by gender, with a suggestion of endocrine adaptations in males only. We thus propose that both training and rehabilitation regimens should consider gender-specific tendon responsiveness, at least in older persons.

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“…Mice were gavaged approximately 9:00 am, immediately before the training session. Trained groups (PLA-TR; CLA-TR) performed progressive running on the rotarod, which is a rotating cylinder on which the mice were forced to run to avoid falling down [14], for 6 weeks. Exercise training began at 3.2 m/min for 5 d/week; during week 1, the mice exercised for 15 min, and the time and speed were systematically increased until week 6, where they were training at 4.8 m/min for 60 min [15–17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endurance Exercise and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation Up-Regulate CYP17A1 and Stimulate Testosterone Biosynthesis

et al. 2013

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A new role for fat supplements, in particular conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), has been delineated in steroidogenesis, although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. The aims of the present study were to identify the pathway stimulated by CLA supplementation using a cell culture model and to determine whether this same pathway is also stimulated in vivo by CLA supplementation associated with exercise. In vitro, Leydig tumour rat cells (R2C) supplemented with different concentrations of CLA exhibited increasing testosterone biosynthesis accompanied by increasing levels of CYP17A1 mRNA and protein. In vivo, trained mice showed an increase in free plasma testosterone and an up-regulation of CYP17A1 mRNA and protein. The effect of training on CYP17A1 expression and testosterone biosynthesis was significantly higher in the trained mice supplemented with CLA compared to the placebo. The results of the present study demonstrated that CLA stimulates testosterone biosynthesis via CYP17A1, and endurance training led to the synthesis of testosterone in vivo by inducing the overexpression of CYP17A1 mRNA and protein in the Leydig cells of the testis. This effect was enhanced by CLA supplementation. Therefore, CLA-associated physical activity may be used for its steroidogenic property in different fields, such as alimentary industry, human reproductive medicine, sport science, and anti-muscle wasting.

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Structural analysis of rat patellar tendon in response to resistance and endurance training

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Progressive resistance training prevents loss of muscle mass and strength in bile duct‐ligated rats

Progressive resistance training prevents loss of muscle mass and strength in bile duct‐ligated rats

The magnitude and character of resistance-training-induced increase in tendon stiffness at old age is gender specific

Endurance Exercise and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation Up-Regulate CYP17A1 and Stimulate Testosterone Biosynthesis

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