Structural Analysis of Polygalaxanthones, &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;-Glucosyl Xanthones of &lt;i&gt;Polygala tenuifolia&lt;/i&gt; Roots

et al. 2021

Molecules

Xanthones are secondary metabolites found in plants, fungi, lichens, and bacteria from a variety of families and genera, with the majority found in the Gentianaceae, Polygalaceae, and Clusiaceae. They have a diverse range of bioactivities, including anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, anti-tuberculosis, and cytotoxic properties. Xanthone glucosides are a significant branch of xanthones. After glycosylation, xanthones may have improved characteristics (such as solubility and pharmacological activity). Currently, no critical review of xanthone glucosides has been published. A literature survey including reports of naturally occurring xanthone glucosides is included in this review. The isolation, structure, bioactivity, and synthesis of these compounds were all explored in depth.

Section: Xanthone C-glucoside From Iridaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Xanthone Glucosides: Isolation, Bioactivity and Synthesis

Huang

et al. 2021

Molecules

“…CHRNA4 consists of six exons, located on chromosome 20q13. 33, approximately 17kb, it primarily encodes the α-4 subunit of the neuronal acetylcholine receptor, and its coding region is primarily located in exon 5. The rst proven pathogenic ADSHE-related gene is CHRNA4 [72],…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the bioactive compounds with efficacy against epilepsy from the herb pairs Polygala tenuifolia - Zizyphus jujuba by modulating CHRNA4/CaMKII signaling pathway: LC-MS/MS combined with network pharmacology analysis and experimental evidence

Nian

Zhao

et al. 2023

Preprint

Background Epilepsy is a typical nervous system disorders identified by the spontaneous recurrence of seizures which injure periods of electroencephalographic activity and behavior. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herb pairs Polygala tenuifolia and Zizyphus jujuba have been used in treatment of epilepsy in China, while the mechanism of action still remains unclear. This article aims to disclose the substances and potential mechanisms of the anti-epilepsy activity of P. tenuifolia and Z. jujuba extract (PZE) using LC-MS/MS, network pharmacology, ethology and molecular biology methods.Methods With the help of the self-built components database, identification of the chemical parameters of PZE was possessed through LC-MS/MS method, and the “ingredient-target-pathway” network of PZE was established through online databeses. Molecular docking was performed using Discovery Studio Visualizer. In the setting of the epilepsy model, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally injected for a period of 21 days. Mice were assessed for anxiety-like behavior by Elevated plus maze test, open field test, forced swimming test and tail suspension test. HE staining, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect morphological changes and signal pathway.Results Through network analysis, 37 active ingredients were obtained from PZE, SLC6A4, CHRNA4 and MAOA and were found to play a major role in the PPI network. GO and KEGG analyses that display their anti-epilepsy activity. The"Ingredient-target-pathway"network diagram consists of 99 targets, 24 kinds of constituents, and 20 signaling pathways. The values of M15 and M17 show the largest degree. Molecular docking analysis shows the key components screened by network pharmacology have a good interaction with the predicted targets. Animal experiments results showed that: 1) PZE effectively lengthened the latent time of PTZ-induced epilepsy in mice model. 2) PTZ-induced depression-like behavior was strikingly ameliorated by PZE. 3) Hippocampal neurons are significantly shielded by PZE. 4) PZE was shown to play a key role in modulating the CHRNA4/CaMK II signaling pathway in to show anti-epilepsy potency.Conclusion This study has successfully identified constituents of PZE through LC-MS/MS methods and predicted the potential targets and CHRNA4/CaMK II as potential signaling pathways of anti-epilepsy effects for PZE, which was proved by animal experiments. The results of this paper are conducive to the systematic elucidating of its mechanism of action and the development of TCM-based anti-epilepsy agents.

“…69,70 The chemical composition of PT is relatively complicated but mainly includes: (1) a variety of saponins that are isolated from the roots of Polygala saponin, and the identified structures are Polygala saponin A, B, E, F, and G (structurally, the basic mother nucleus of Polygala saponin is oleanolic acid, a type of pentacyclic triterpene); (2) oral ketone, which exists only in the form of derivatives in plants (most of the substituents are hydroxyl and methoxy forms, and a few are methylenedioxy); (3) a large number of sugar ester components (its parent core structure has four types [A, B, C, and D], and there are 12 types of substituents); (4) alkaloids, namely R1 R2 N9formylhalman; and (5) other ingredients, such aspolygalol, 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, stigmasterol, a-spinasterol glucoside, and rich fatty oils and resins. 71,72 Pharmacological research found that PT has protective effects on neuronal apoptosis and learning and memory impairment in mice models of AD; 73 improves behavioral abnormalities in mice with depression 74 and improves hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. 75 One of the main active ingredients of PT is 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA), 76 which has anticonvulsant, 77 antitumor, 78 antiepileptic, 79 and anti-stress 80 properties and improves cognitive function.…”

Section: Polygala Tenuifolia Willdmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Traditional Chinese Medicine Jiuwei Zhenxin Granules in Treating Depression: An Overview</p>

2020

NDT

Depression is known as "Yu Zheng" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Jiuwei Zhenxin granules (JZG) is a type of TCM. According to TCM theory, it nourishes the heart and spleen, tonifies Qi, and tranquilizes the spirit, and may also has effects in the treatment of depression. Here, we systematically reviewed recent basic and clinical experimental studies of JZG and depression, including studies of the pharmacological mechanisms, active ingredients, and clinical applications of JZG in depression treatment. This review will deepen our understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms, drug interactions, and clinical applications of TCM prescriptions and provide a basis for the development of new drugs in the treatment of depression.