Structural analysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during uniaxial drawing above the glass transition temperature

Okada, Kazuyuki; Higashioji, Takuji; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Uchida, Hirohito; Takahashi, Kenta; Inoue, Rintaro; Nishida, Koji; Kanaya, Toshiji

doi:10.1038/pj.2012.197

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the strain hardening zone, the crystallization was captured since the further nucleation and growth of crystallite facilitated the lamellar crystals into microfibrillar crystals with strain increasing, while the lamellar could fragment under large strain, which led to further microfibrillar splitting and catastrophic breakage. Similarly, the strain-induced structural formation of completely amorphous PET film at 90 and 100 °C was discussed by Okada et al It was noted that the new lamellar crystals appeared during drawing, and the isolated lamellae changed to stacked lamellae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Structure–Property Evolution of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers in Industrialized Process under Complex Coupling of Stress and Temperature Field

Chen

et al. 2018

Macromolecules

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The structure−property evolution of commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers obtained from the different drawing and heat-setting stages in industrial processing was systematically investigated. Upon combination of thermal analysis (DSC and DMA) with crystallization and orientation (WAXD and SAXS), the variation of crystallization and microstructures mainly containing lamellar and microfibrillar crystals following the processes were discussed in connection with properties. Results indicate the significant tenacity increase of fiber in the drawing process is mainly attributed to the orientation development of the interlamellar amorphous region, the interfibrillar extension of amorphous molecular chains, and its entanglement with the lamellae. Accordingly, a decline of shrinkage can be seen as a fact of the coiling of amorphous molecular chains, the formation of rigid amorphous fraction, and the increase of crystallinity. Thus, a new four-phase model has been proposed to clarify the structure−property relationships of the commercial PET industrial fibers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Structure–Property Evolution of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers in Industrialized Process under Complex Coupling of Stress and Temperature Field

Chen

et al. 2018

Macromolecules

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“…Uniaxial extension of 1‐SP showed significant alignment of the crystallites in both WAXS and SAXS spectra, which is consistent with other polymers, such as polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene furanoate, among others. [ 35,41–43 ] These ε ‐dependent SIC analyses were compared to in situ chromatic data; analogous to Δ S blue , X c and Δ H m were normalized to their initial values, according to Equations () and (), giving Δ X c and Δ(Δ H m ):

\begin{equation} {\Delta}{X}_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{{X}_{\mathrm{c}}}{({X}_{\mathrm{c}})_{\varepsilon =0}}\ \end{equation}

\begin{equation} {\Delta}\left({\Delta}{H}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)\ =\frac{{\Delta}{H}_{\mathrm{m}}}{({\Delta}{H}_{\mathrm{m}})_{\varepsilon =0}}\ \end{equation}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uniaxial extension of 1-SP showed significant alignment of the crystallites in both WAXS and SAXS spectra, which is consistent with other polymers, such as polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene furanoate, among others. [35,[41][42][43] These 𝜖dependent SIC analyses were compared to in situ chromatic data; analogous to ΔS blue , X c and ΔH m were normalized to their initial values, according to Equations ( 7) and ( 8), giving ΔX c and Δ(ΔH m ):…”

Section: Elongation-dependent Sicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochromism and Strain‐Induced Crystallization in Thiol‐yne‐Derived Stereoelastomers

et al. 2023

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Most elastomers undergo strain‐induced crystallization (SIC) under tension; as individual chains are held rigidly in a fixed position by an applied strain, their alignment along the strain field results in a shift from strain‐hardening (SH) to SIC. A similar degree of stretching is associated with the tension necessary to accelerate mechanically‐coupled, covalent chemical responses of mechanophores in overstretched chains, raising the possibility of an interplay between the macroscopic response of SIC, and the molecular response of mechanophore activation. Here we report thiol‐yne‐derived stereoelastomers, doped covalently with a dipropiolate‐derivatized spiropyran (SP) mechanophore (0.25‐0.38 mol%). Material properties of SP‐containing films are consistent with undoped controls, indicating that the SP behaves as a reporter of the mechanical state of the polymer film. Uniaxial tensile tests reveal correlations between mechanochromism and SIC, which are strain rate‐dependent. Potential consequences of the correlations between mechanochromism and SIC include the possibility that mechanochromophores may provide a pathway to bridge these phenomena, since molecular‐level mechanochemical activation results in a macroscopic color change in the bulk material. When mechanochromic films are stretched slowly to the point of mechanophore activation, the covalently tethered mechanophore remains trapped in a force‐activated state, even after the applied stress is removed. Additionally, the kinetics of mechanophore reversion correlate with the applied strain rate, resulting in highly tunable decoloration rates. Because these polymers are not covalently cross‐linked, they can be recycled by melt‐pressing into new films, which increases their potential range of strain‐sensing, morphology‐sensing, and shape‐memory applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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“…By contrast, the microfibrillar structure and oriented chain appeared in the plastic deformation region at 90 and 100 C, but crystallization was not evident. SAXS pattern changing from X-shaped pattern to the four-spot can be attributed to the formation of new lamellar crystals during drawing and the isolated lamellae changed to stacked lamellae [8,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural evolutions during creep deformation of polyester industrial fiber via in situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering/wide-angle X-ray scattering

Chen

Liu

et al. 2020

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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This paper aims to identify the creep mechanisms of high tenacity (HT) polyester industrial fiber under different loads. In-situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) tests were conducted on a 1000 D HT fiber during the creep and creep recovery process with a low load (15 N) and a medium load (50 N) as well as creep rupture process with a high load (60 N). The measured creep strain-time curves comprised tensile zone (I), creep deformation zone (II) and creep recovery/rupture zone (III). The SAXS indicated that the macroscopic initial creep strain in zone I and creep deformations in zone II were attributed to conformation transition from gauche to trans in amorphous region, increasing the amorphous orientation and long period. Irreversible portion of conformation changes accounts for the small unrecoverable plastic creep strain after removing 15 N load in zone III. The initial creep strain in zone I and creep deformations in zone II of the 50 N creep process were bigger than the microscopic long period strain, because amorphous layers had conformational transformation and microfibril slippage which also produced a higher unrecoverable plastic creep strain in zone III. The long period increased significantly at the beginning of rupture zone with 60 N due to fragmentation of amorphous tie molecular. The disappearance of lamellar peaks at the end of rupture zone implied destruction of periodic lamellar structures, for the entire breakage of amorphous chains. The WAXS suggested that the crystal structure was stable under the creep loads.

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Structural analysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during uniaxial drawing above the glass transition temperature

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Structure–Property Evolution of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers in Industrialized Process under Complex Coupling of Stress and Temperature Field

Structure–Property Evolution of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers in Industrialized Process under Complex Coupling of Stress and Temperature Field

Mechanochromism and Strain‐Induced Crystallization in Thiol‐yne‐Derived Stereoelastomers

Structural evolutions during creep deformation of polyester industrial fiber via in situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering/wide-angle X-ray scattering

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