Stroop interference with successive presentations of separate incongruent words and colors.

Dyer, Frederick N.; Severance, Laurence J.

doi:10.1037/h0034353

Cited by 46 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Furthe~or~, it is clear from the figure that as pnme detectabihty Increased, the size of the priming eff~cts also increased. Finally, the results depicted in FIgure 1 sug~est that a high level of prime detectability must be obtained before the typical finding of greater inhibition than facilitation (e.g., Dyer & Severance, 1973) becomes apparent.…”

Section: Detection Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The task involved naming a color that was immediately preceded by the presentation of a congruent color word, incongruent color word, or control letter string. Previous research indicates that color-naming latencies in this task increase when a color is preceded by an incongruent color word (e.g., Dyer & Severance, 1973) and decrease when the prime word and the color target are congruent (e.g., Dalrymple-Alford, 1972). Thus, this variant of the Stroop task can be used to investigate both facilitation and inhibition at different levels of prime detectability.…”

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confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Priming with and without awareness

Cheesman

Merikle

1984

Perception & Psychophysics

512

353

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Section: Detection Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming with and without awareness

Cheesman

Merikle

1984

Perception & Psychophysics

512

353

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“…Rather than preexposing a color word in black and then showing that color word in an ink color, Dyer and Severance (1973) preexposed a color word in Mack and then showed a XXXX-type stimulus in an ink color. Thus, the color and word were now not integrated.…”

Section: Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (Soa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both studies obtained robust interference. Dyer and Severance (1973) also separated word and color, presenting an incompatible color word 0, 25, 50 or 100 ms before a color patch. Although they observed interference in every case, it was about half that of the normal integrated stimulus.…”

Section: The Individual Stimulus Version Of the Color-word Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod

1991

Psychological Bulletin

4,735

165

3,607

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The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories--relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading--are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention.In 1935, J. R. Stroop published his landmark article on attention and interference, an article more influential now than it was then. Why has the Stroop task continued to fascinate us? Perhaps the task is seen as tapping into the primitive operations of cognition, offering clues to the fundamental process of attention. Perhaps the robustness of the phenomenon provides a special challenge to decipher. Together these are powerful attractions in a field of complex phenomena where the most subtie variation may exert a dramatic effect.In writing this article, I have two primary intentions. The first is to create a taxonomy of the empirical work on the Stroop task and its analogs. At least 70% of the more than 700 Strooprelated articles in the literature have been published since the reviews by Dyer (1973c) and Jensen and Rohwer (1966). Furthermore, Dyer's theoretical framework now seems in need of reconsideration, so that his review no longer provides the optimal organization. The second aim, then, is to survey existing theories, showing the critical weaknesses in the standard explanations and dispelling some myths that have arisen. I argue for a new theoretical framework for the Stroop effect, informed by contemporary cognitive psychology. This framework is more comprehensive than many earlier experiment-specific hypotheses, and suggests directions in which future research might profitably proceed.

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“…Since the Stroop effect was first described more than 70 years ago [Stroop, 1935], it became one of the most intensively studied phenomena in cognitive neuroscience and still has a key role in the study of attentional top-down mechanisms [for reviews see Dyer and Severance, 1973;MacLeod, 1991]. In spite of many variations of the Stroop task, the basic principle of word reading and color detection has not changed over the decades and is still widely Contract grant sponsor: Volkswagen Foundation; Contract grant number: I/79878 *Correspondence to: Nikolai Axmacher, Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex due to task‐related interference in an auditory Stroop paradigm

Haupt¹,

Axmacher²,

Cohen³

et al. 2009

Human Brain Mapping

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Successful information processing requires the focusing of attention on a certain stimulus property and the simultaneous suppression of irrelevant information. The Stroop task is a useful paradigm to study such attentional top-down control in the presence of interference. Here, we investigated the neural correlates of an auditory Stroop task using fMRI. Subjects focused either on tone pitch (relatively high or low; phonetic task) or on the meaning of a spoken word (high/low/good; semantic task), while ignoring the other stimulus feature. We differentiated between task-related (phonetic incongruent vs. semantic incongruent) and sensory-level interference (phonetic incongruent vs. phonetic congruent). Task-related interference activated similar regions as in visual Stroop tasks, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the presupplementary motor-area (pre-SMA). More specifically, we observed that the very caudal/posterior part of the ACC was activated and not the dorsal/anterior region. Because identical stimuli but different task demands are compared in this contrast, it reflects conflict at a relatively high processing level. A more conventional contrast between incongruent and congruent phonetic trials was associated with a different cluster in the pre-SMA/ACC which was observed in a large number of previous studies. Finally, functional connectivity analysis revealed that activity within the regions activated in the phonetic incongruent vs. semantic incongruent contrast was more strongly interrelated during semantically vs. phonetically incongruent trials. Taken together, we found (besides activation of regions well-known from visual Stroop tasks) activation of the very caudal and posterior part of the ACC due to task-related interference in an auditory Stroop task. Hum Brain Mapp 00:000-000, 2009. V V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

show abstract

Stroop interference with successive presentations of separate incongruent words and colors.

Cited by 46 publications

References 3 publications

Priming with and without awareness

Priming with and without awareness

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

Activation of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex due to task‐related interference in an auditory Stroop paradigm

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