Stroop interference in children with developmental dyslexia

Abstract

Previous studies have identified inhibitory deficits in dyslexic children, but we have little understanding of their neural mechanisms, especially for Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. We used a double-blind controlled trial to study the electroencephalogram responses of dyslexic and non-dyslexic children when performing the Stroop color-word test. Behavioral data showed differences in response time and accuracy between the 2 groups. In the event-related potentials (ERP) results, dyslexic children displayed larger P2 and P3b on congruent trials, while non-dyslexic children displayed larger P2 and P3b on incongruent trials, the 2 groups showed opposite brain activation patterns on the Stroop test. Dyslexic children have poor inhibitory function, and this poor inhibition may be related to their abnormal brain activation patterns.

Pathogenesis of Comorbid ADHD and Chinese Developmental Dyslexia: Evidence From Eye-Movement Tracking and Rapid Automatized Naming

“…In contrast, if access to the lexicon of mismatching words is slow and is an inescapable step before color naming in poor readers, they will produce larger Stroop interference. The latter case has been supported by considerable evidence (Faccioli et al, 2008; Levinson et al, 2018; Protopapas et al, 2007; Shen et al, 2021; Wu et al, 2018; but see Samuels, 1999). In this case, poor performance in the Stroop task for DD individuals may be caused by struggling with either access to the lexicon or inhibition of the meaning of mismatching words, which can be distinguished by comparing the Stroop color-word and RAN tasks.…”

“…Children with Chinese DD have deficits not only in phonological awareness but also orthographic awareness, working memory, and parafoveal processing (Cao et al, 2017; Pan et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2010). Studies using the Stroop color-word test have indicated larger Stroop inference in DD than in typically developing children (Levinson et al, 2018; Shen et al, 2021; Wu et al, 2018). These findings indicate that phonology processing deficits cannot independently explain the cognitive mechanisms underlying dyslexia.…”

“…One may expect that it is easier for comorbid individuals to ignore the interference of mismatched words than ADHD individuals in the Stroop task, because comorbid individuals have low automaticity in word reading (Samuels, 1999). However, if the activation of mismatched words is an inescapable step, difficulty in word reading will block the completion of the whole process and prolongs its duration (Faccioli et al, 2008;Levinson et al, 2018;Protopapas et al, 2007;Shen et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2018). Therefore, the poorer performance of the comorbid group relative to the ADHD group in the Stroop task can be explained by more effortful lexicon access for words to be rejected or colors to be named.…”

The relationship between spatiotemporal gait parameters and cognitive function in healthy adults: protocol for a cross-sectional study

“…Participants will be asked to respond only when any word in a red font appears (Go trial). The Go trial consists of congruent (color and word match) and incongruent (color and word mismatch) conditions [ 43 ]. The ratio between congruent and incongruent groups is 1:1 [ 43 ], and the task consists of 10 trials each, for the Go and No-Go paradigms.…”

“…The Go trial consists of congruent (color and word match) and incongruent (color and word mismatch) conditions [ 43 ]. The ratio between congruent and incongruent groups is 1:1 [ 43 ], and the task consists of 10 trials each, for the Go and No-Go paradigms. In addition to the Go/No-Go task, the reaction time was prolonged compared to SRT in healthy volunteers ( n = 4; M = 38.5 years, SD = 12.2; Supplementary Figure S3A, Additional file 1 ).…”