Strontium and Calcium in Municipal Water Supplies

Alexander, G. V.; Nusbaum, R. E.; MacDonald, Norman S.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1954.tb16552.x

Cited by 29 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…The median river and lake water SrlCa ratio is 2.3 (Table 1). Data are from Alexander et al (1954), Odum (1957a), Feulner and Hubble (1960)) Skougstad and Horr (1963), Faure et al (1967), Wadleigh et al ( 1985), Goldstein and Jacobsen (1987)) Palmer and Edmond ( 1989). and .…”

Section: Freshwater Endmembermentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleosalinities in ancient brackish water systems determined by 87Sr/86Sr ratios in carbonate fossils: A case study from the Western Canada sedimentary basin

Holmden

Creaser

Muehlenbachs

1997

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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Section: Freshwater Endmembermentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleosalinities in ancient brackish water systems determined by 87Sr/86Sr ratios in carbonate fossils: A case study from the Western Canada sedimentary basin

Holmden

Creaser

Muehlenbachs

1997

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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“…Accordingly, the amount of Sr and Ca entering the food chain via plants is primarily a function of the amount of Sr and Ca in groundwater. Alexander et al (1954) reported that the highest Sr concentrations in water were from regions with a large proportion of soft lime carbonate. Among the factors contributing to high Sr concentrations include, highly Sillen and Kavanagh (1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Regional and interspecific variation in Sr, Ca, and Sr/Ca ratios in avian eggshells from the USA

et al. 2011

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To examine regional variation in strontium (Sr), which at high concentrations may reduce eggshell quality, increase egg breakage and reproductive failure, we analyzed Sr, and calcium (Ca) concentrations and Sr/Ca ratios in eggshells from 20 avian species from California, Texas, Idaho, Kansas, and Michigan. In addition, we included data previously reported from Arizona to expand the regional comparisons and to better establish patterns of Sr, and Sr/Ca ratios in bird species across the United States. We found Sr concentrations varied significantly among regions, among species, and among foraging guilds; this variability is strongly influenced by the Sr/Ca ratios in surface water from locations close to the region where the eggshells were collected. Sr concentrations and Sr/Ca ratios were significantly higher in bird eggshells from the Volta wildlife region in the San Joaquin Valley, California and in various locales from Arizona. Sr concentrations and Sr/Ca ratios in bird eggshells from other locations in the USA were lower than those detected in these two regions. Among foraging guilds, invertivores had the highest Sr concentrations and Sr/Ca ratios and carnivores had the lowest. In general, the Sr/Ca ratio increased strongly with increasing Sr concentrations (R(2) = 0.99, P < 0.0001). There was a significant correlation (R(2) = 0.58, P < 0.0001) between Sr/Ca ratios in water and the average Sr/Ca ratios in eggshells suggesting that these values could be determined from Sr/Ca ratios in water. Eggshell thickness was poorly correlated with Sr (R(2) = 0.03) but had a significant and positive correlation with Ca and was more properly correlated by a quadratic equation (R(2) = 0.50, Thickness = 2.13 - 0.02Ca - 3.07 * 10(-5)Ca(2)). Our study provides further evidence that Sr accumulates significantly in the avian eggshell, in some regions at concentrations which could be of concern for potential negative effects on reproduction. We suggest that when assessing the effects of metals on avian reproduction in regions with high Sr deposits in rock and soil, Sr concentrations in the eggshell also should be measured to evaluate additional effects on thickness and reproduction.

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“…The strontium present was reported to be removed by coprecipitation with the calcium carbonate by the mechanism of mixed crystal formation (10,12). Data on the removal of stable strontium by municipal water treatment processes, including softening, have been reported (13) and are given in Table 9. As has been indicated above, limesoda softening is fairly effective in removing specific radioelements if relatively high chemical dosages are employed.…”

Section: Softeningmentioning

confidence: 99%