Strongly seasonal Proterozoic glacial climate in low palaeolatitudes: Radically different climate system on the pre-Ediacaran Earth

Abstract

Proterozoic (pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes. Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming, through the infilling of seasonal (winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand, in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of 40°C and mean annual air temperatures of -20°C or lower. Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle. The seasonal (annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas. Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes: Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at ≤10°, most other Cryogenian deposits at <20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at <15° palaeolatitude. Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole, hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes. The Cryogenian glacial environment included ice-free, continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale, aeolian sandsheets, extensive and long-lived open seas, and an active hydrological cycle. This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses, which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator. Consequently, their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2introducing Popperian 'auxiliary assumptions'. However, non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes. Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and ice-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations, and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only ≤10°C for ≤10° latitude. By contrast, a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes, based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures, is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic (>54°) during Proterozoic lowlatitude glaciations, whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles, on average, and global seasonality would be greatly amplified.

Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology

“…8B ), temperatures are uniformly warm (relatively speaking) in the summer hemisphere, whereas the winter hemisphere becomes extremely cold. The seasonal temperature change is large at all latitudes, consistent with geological evidence such as periglacial sand-wedge structures at low paleomagnetic latitudes ( 230 – 233 ), obviating the need for high orbital obliquity ( 231 , 233 ). Temperature inversions develop in the winter hemisphere ( 81 , 116 , 226 , 228 ), decoupling the surface from winds and from the greenhouse effect ( 81 ), which is set by the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere ( 234 ).…”

South Australian U-Pb zircon (CA-ID-TIMS) age supports globally synchronous Sturtian deglaciation

“…While debate over the exact nature of these glaciations has ensued (e.g. Allen and Etienne, 2008;Eyles and Januszczak, 2004;Le Heron et al, 2011;Williams et al, 2016), the Snowball Earth hypothesis presents a holistic model when all relevant observations and modelling results are considered (Hoffman et al, 2017).…”

Cryosphere and Spatial Uniformitarianism: A New Rule for Earth and Planetary Sciences

“…30 Myr, the ice cover grew through a processes of runaway albedo feedback, which caused the world ocean to be virtually covered by sea ice, although the continental ice cover was thin and patchy because the freezing ie. solidification of water at the Earth surface virtually eliminated the hydrologic cycle [16]. It is also worth noticing that the Antarctic Ice-sheet and all the glaciers were not created by the freezing of water, but through geological processes such as sedimentation, diagenesis, metamorphism and creeping of snow transformed into glacial ice.…”